To Document Ella Baker’s Life

To document Ella Baker's life is to recount the history of the civil rights movement. Whenever there was a cause to fight for or a group to organize, this dedicated women was there. Ella was born 1903, she grew up and received her education in North Carolina. Upon and at one time, president of the New York branch Ella went South in the 1950s to help the civil rights movement as it was developing in Alabama. With 30 years of organizing experience under her belt, Ella's advice to Martin Luther King, Jr. nd other leaders of the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 was invaluable. She stayed South and helped Dr. King set up the headquarters of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC). A few years later she played an important part in helping to organize student sit-in demonstrations that were occurring all over the South. This activity led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), one of the most powerful student-activist movements formed in U. S. history. She also helped to found the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in 1964, which helped to give African Americans in Mississippi more political power. Ella continued to serve as the â€Å"godmother† and mentor of SNCC as it moved into other human rights issues. Her greatest asset was her ability to organize and mobilize people of all generations. Although her name was not publicized as much as other male leaders, the civil rights movement would not have been the same without her. Shortly before her death in 1986, a documentary titled â€Å"Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker† was aired on public television. Fundi is the Swahili word for a person who passes on skill to a younger generation. It is a fitting description of Ella Baker's legacy. graduating from Shaw University, she moved to New York City just before the Depression of 1929. There she became active in various causes. She worked briefly with the Work Projects Administration (WPA) and then worked to end discrimination in organized labor through the NAACP.

Immigration to the United States Essay

Immigrants in the the United States have been the backbone for American for centries. People from all over the world have come to live the American dream that so many hear about throughout the world. America has been home to every different natationalty one can think of, and between the years of 1836 to 1914, over 30 million Europeans migrated to the United States. [1] Now, in that time most of those immigrants were coming to America to become citizen of the United States with hopes of finding their own American dream. Today, the chase for the American dream has become a lot different and the majority of the immigrants funneling into American are the Latin Americans. With the hardships happen throughout Latin America, many are forced into finding a better life abroad. Like many other immigrants in the past, Latin Americans are turning to the United States for a better life. Economist have been trying to understand the effects immigration has had on the United States both positively and negatively for many years now. It is a hard task to understand the effects that Latin Americans have had on the United States labor market and there are many factors to be understood and many variables to examine. For this paper, I attempt to identify the outstanding influential factors that have charged this new wave of immigrants and effects it has had on the US economy both positively and negatively. The Pew Hispanic Center estimated in December 2012 that there were 11. 1 million unauthorized immigrants living in the U. S. s of March 2011, unchanged from the previous two years and a continuation of the sharp decline from its peak of 12 million in 2007. This decline has been the first significant decrease following two decades of growth up to 2007 [5]. Net immigration from Mexico to the U. S. has stopped and possibly reversed since 2010 and at its peak in 2000, about 770,000 immigrants arrived annually from Mexico; the majority arrived illegally. By 2010, the inflow had dropped to about 140,000, a majority of whom arrived as legal immigrants. 5] To understand the economics of this new immigration wave, one must find the main networks in which the Latin American are using to become part of the US economic system. Latin Americans came by the millions and many chose big cities like Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas and many parts of the American southwest. The reasoning behind that in somewhat obvious; because there are more jobs in big cities. Although the illegal immigrants were not aiming at high paid jobs in big cities, many Americans don’t see the effect it has had to them personally. Like many Latin American immigrants, they turned to jobs that are mostly manual labor and require little education. Many choose this route because that is where the majority of Latin Americans can fit in and work in the US economy. When immigrants choose to migrate to another country, they tend to stay together and rely on one another for survival. â€Å"They find that most relationships are based on kinship, friendship, and in particular, paisanaje (belonging to a common origin-community). Ties among paisanos actually appear to strengthen once they arrive in the United States, and this sociological change is reinforced by the emergence of community-based institutions, such as soccer clubs, which bring the migrants together. â€Å"[2] Forming a community of immigrants in the same region make it easier to find jobs without having to start from scratch in an unknown world. Like many other immigrants in the past, they want to live close and stay together so it is easier to prosper economically. Illegal immigrants choose to work for below the minimum wage because one, they are illegal and cannot turn to the government for reinforcement, and two, they are making more money in the United States then they were in Latin America. Also, many firms in the United States would rather hire an illegal immigrant that is willing to work for less money versus an American citizen who is obligated to make minimum wage. When the recession hit the United States, more and more employers were forced to hire illegal immigrants which caused a vicious cycle throughout the American economy. American tax payers were losing jobs to illegal immigrants that were not paying taxes that ultimately dammaged the economy. Many saw this as a horrible cycle that was strictly caused by illegal immigrants and many make a compelling argument but on the contrary, it drives American citizens to become more educated and fight for higher paying jobs. For instance, â€Å"immigrants are usually allocated to manual-intensive jobs, promoting competition and pushing natives to perform communication-intensive tasks more efficiently. This process, at the same time, reorganizes firms’ structure, producing efficiency gains and pushing natives towards cognitive and communication- intensive jobs that are better paid. â€Å"[3] These effects might take sometime to unfold fully and be visible to the American people and the American economy but as history has told us, immigration does had a positive effect in the long-run. When the economy is growing, new immigration creates jobs in sufficient numbers to leave native employment unharmed, even in the relatively short run. During downturns, however, new immigrants are found to have a small negative impact on native employment in the short run (but not the long run)[3]. Though the share of low- skilled native-born individuals in the US labor force has fallen, employers continue to require less-educated workers in US agriculture, construction, food processing, building cleaning and maintenance, and other low-end jobs [2]. Immigrants, unauthorized immigrants in particular, have stepped in to provide the source of manpower. Unauthorized immigrant workers have been an important source of low-skilled labor supply to the US economy for many decades. With that, the burst of illegal immigrants moving into a certain region is hard for any economy to cope with. With the millions of people migrating to certain cities within the US, many firms were overwhelmed. Firms could not provide jobs to the American tax payers because of recession so many Americans turned to unemployment, which then relys on the government for support, which is another vicious cycle that has a negative effect through the entire United States. Although many see themsleves as low-skilled workers, other latin americans come to the United States for education. Parents see a brighter future for their children in America and being a illegal is worth the risk. Also, illegal immigration occurs because foreign workers can earn much more in the United States than they can at home and US immigration restrictions prevent them from entering the country through legal means. Consider the gain to emigration for a young urban male in Mexico who has completed nine years of education (which in Mexico is equivalent to finishing secondary school). Simply by moving to the United States, the worker’s annual income would rise by 2. times, even after controlling for cost-of-living differences between the two countries. [5] The income gain from migration is a result of international differences in labor productivity, with labor in the United States being far more productive than in Mexico [6]. People who want a high paying job in the United States have to come legally. Compared to the rest of the world, the United States has a high number or well educate d citizens. Since there has been many advances in technology, many now want to go to the United States for high paid jobs which the demand is increasing. For this many turn to green cards for legal immigration and will be allowed a certain amount of time to work in the United States. For high-skilled labor, legal immigration is the primary means of entering the United States. Compared to the rest of the world, the United States has an abundant supply of highly educated labor. One might expect that, if anything, skilled labor would want to leave the country rather than try to move here. However, over the past two decades the U. S. economy has enjoyed rapid advances in new technology, which have increased the demand for highly skilled labor. 7] The spread of information technology, among other developments, has created demand for software programmers, electrical engineers, and other skilled technicians. Even with the abundant U. S. supply of educated labor, technology-induced increases in labor demand have made the country an attractive destination for educated workers from abroad. Employment-based green cards and temporary work visas m ake such skilled immigration possible. Although many Latin Americans do try for a green card, many are turned away because of the long process and abundance of new illegal immigrants already in the United States. These benefits, however, are not shared equally. Labor inflows from abroad redistribute income away from workers who compete with immigrants in the labor market [4]. George Borjas estimates that over the period 1980 to 2000 immigration contributed to a decrease in average U. S. wages of 3 percent. [9] This estimate accounts for the total change in the U. S. labor force due to immigration, including both legal and illegal sources. Since immigration is concentrated among the low-skilled, low-skilled natives are the workers most likely to be hurt. Over the 1980 to 2000 period, wages of native workers without a high school degree fell by 9 percent as a result of immigration [8]. On the other hand, lower wages for low-skilled labor mean lower prices for goods and services, especially those whose prices are set in local markets rather than through competition in global markets [8]. Patricia Cortes finds that in the 1980s and 1990s U. S. cities with larger inflows of low-skilled immigrants experienced larger reductions in prices for housekeeping, gardening, child care, dry cleaning, and other labor-intensive, locally traded services[8]. On top of all that, according th laws of the Untied States, any citizen born on US soil if classified a American citizen. This law has caused the many problems for the Untied States and the illegal immigrants are taking full advantage of it. They cross the border into the US and immediately start having children. Now, the law was implemented a long time ago when migration to the US was needed but n ow it is a big problem because America now has millions of illegal immigrants not paying taxes and not getting health insurance but everything they do requires the help from legal tax payers. It is unfair to all tax payers and puts a damper on the US economy. Although some undocumented immigrants receive Social Security and Medicare benefits, the majority do not receive any benefits from those programs[10]. Since false Social Security numbers are not directly linked to an individual who can take advantage of Social Security benefits, the majority of contributions to Social Security from undocumented immigrants go into an earnings suspense file. The Social Security Administration factors in the over $7 billion annual contributions from undocumented im- migrants into the Social Security Administration’s calculations and projections for the solvency of Social Security. 10] The retirement of the baby boom generation will lead to increased expenditures for Social Security and additional tax revenue is needed to provide Social Security benefits to current and future retirees. [11] Since undocumented immigrants are ineligible to receive government services, it is estimated that undocumented immi- grants pay an average of $1,800 per househ old, per year more to Social Security and Medicare than they utilize in services [12] Therefore, undocumented immigrants actually help Social Security and Medicare and help to provide services to current and future retirees. Moving forward to the the state and local level of immigrantion which sheds light to the impat on a smaller scale. While current rhetoric in the immigration debate decries how undocumented workers steal jobs, immigrants working in the U. S. do not take away jobs from citizens; instead they stimulate the state and local economies and complement the workforce by providing a necessary pool of unskilled labor. [13] Although there are many costs involved, there may be economic benefits associated with having undocumented children in schools that are often not considered. Higher student enrollment can create more jobs, not just for teachers, but for all educational related services like administrators, maintenance staff, teaching assistants and other professionals, bus drivers, and other school staff which would help local and state economies. The creation of jobs as a result of higher student enrollment often results in an increase in federal funding for schools and can lead to an increase in state and local revenue generated by income and sales taxes. [14] Also, when ore people are going to school there is back school shopping which also has a big impact for business during the year. Contrary to the implication that immigrants exacerbate unemployment, high rates of immigration are linked to less unemployment [16]. This does not diminish the economy, but encourages specialization and increases wages for native workers [17]. Most undocumented immigrants in the U. S. work in low-skilled jobs and do not compete with American workers. The influx of low-skilled laborers into the U. S. as been shown to slow the decline of manufacturing industries and contribute to the creation of new jobs [18]. For example, the Bell Policy Center found that for every job held by an undocumented immigrant in Colorado, 0. 8 jobs are created [19]. While there are not that many official estimates from the federal government showing how much undocumented immigrants contribute to the U. S. economy, the research indicates that undocumented immigration is part of a positive force that immigration has upon the U. S. economy.

Marketing and management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing and management - Assignment Example 1 Advise on Internal Marketing for Rosemary and Her Staff Members Development in Internal Marketing In simple words, marketing can be referred as identifying and meeting human as well as social needs. Appropriate and excellent marketing are the ingredients of success for business in modern times (Kotler, 1972). The importance of marketing needs should be well communicated to Rosemary and her staffs. The behaviour of Rosemary and her staff members can be changed with the strategy of social marketing. This strategy combines excellent factors from traditional approach towards the social changes within an integral plan and framework for action and also utilizes and advances towards the technology and marketing skills (Pichop & Mndiga, 2007). Social marketing is applied to influence people towards their behaviour in improving their health, protecting environment and contributing to the society (Kotler & Et. Al., 2002). This strategy of social marketing will assist in development in the ma nagement of staff members. Rosemary King should apply this strategy as the organization is dealing in the health care sector. There is evidence of the application of this strategy in this sector and it has achieved success as well. The social marketing strategy follows systematic procedure that allows enhancing efficiency of the marketing activities. In the first phase of the strategy, the social marketing environment is determined. In this process, the program that needs to be focused is determined, the objective is identified, and an analysis of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) along with reviews are done. In the second stage, target audience are identified and selected with set of goals and objectives and then the competitive forces and target audiences are analyzed. After this, market’s four Ps (Product, Price, Place and Promotion) are analyzed to suit the best marketing strategy. After completion of these stages, development of plan for monitoring and ev aluation is designed, budgets and sources of finance are identified and finally implementation is made (Kotler & Et. Al., 2002). Customers have been an important factor and their needs and wants ought to be identified appropriately in order to provide their requirements. Marketing has been centrally customer focused and Rosemary also needs to follow the same strategy and see that the staffs also try to identify the exact requirements of customers and provide them the desired requirements (Rust & Et. Al., 2004). There are conflicts in situations where owner-manager deals directly with customers. In this situation, solving the problem is a long process and it requires more time. In this case, Rosemary being the owner manages marketing activities and takes every marketing decision. The organization has now grown bigger and she needs to hire executives to manage the market efficiently. This will reduce the conflicts among staffs, owner and customers (Armstrong, 2010). Marketing manager will motivate the management and staffs. Appointment of marketing manager by Rosemary will allow the manager to plan and

Harold Rosenberg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Harold Rosenberg - Essay Example The paper "Harold Rosenberg" discovers the works and art of Harold Rosenberg. He saw art as a laboratory where experiments were carried out on trial and error basis. He saw expressionism as a major rupture within the history of modern art, describing what was to go on the canvas as an event rather than a picture, and captured a moment or rather stayed on as a record of the moment. Even though he claimed that the New York school Paris had taken over art, his writing was still influenced by the existentialist philosophy. Clement Greenberg’s views closely shaped the works of many artists in his time. He focused his attention to the formal properties of art such as color, line and space having a rigorous approach to criticism. He introduced many ideas into the discussion in the 20th century, explaining notions such as ‘kitsch’ and pictorial ‘flatness’ and inventing concepts such as the optical space. He believed in the necessity in abstract art as a means in resisting the intrusion of politics and commerce into art. Even though he championed what had most often been regarded as avant-garde art, he saw modern art as an unfolding tradition and thereby ended up attacking many others against those values that he held dear, including Rosenberg. Greenberg, believed that adopting to modern art, is like adapting to any other change, and those who do not change, they end up being misplaced in the society because people have to move with the current trends in the world as noted by Kocur and Simon.

Economonics Competition Policy in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economonics Competition Policy in the UK - Essay Example This was a system that moved between, and mixed up; form and effects-based approaches with almost reckless dump. In United Kingdom, two main acts of legislation - the Competition Act of 1998 and the Enterprise Act of 2002 - have brought the EC's prohibition system to the UK, altered the name of the old Monopolies and Merger Commission to the Competition Commission and given it new powers. For example, they have criminalized price-fixing, created a specialist appeal and review court for anti-dependent cases and eliminated the old "public interest test", replacing it with a narrower, effects-based "substantial lessening of competition" test. At the same time, the two major competition policy bodies in the UK - the Office of Fair Trading and the newly renamed Competition Commission - have expanded, developed new areas of expertise and, possibly most adventurous of all, they have both been put into the hands of professors of economics. Competition is basically a practice of rivalry between various organizations, each of them is looking for to succeed customer's business. This competition may take place in a variety of behaviors - some firms try to win on cost, some spotlight on raising the worth of presented products or services, while still others use entrepreneurial dexterities to build up new products or services (J. Sloman, 2003). ... evel of overheads, a range of product contributions will arrive at the marketplace that bouts the heterogeneity of customer requirements and flavors, and the pace of advances will be great (J. Sloman, 2003). Significantly executives in such marketplaces have only restricted power over their settings (J. Parkin, et. al., 2004). They regularly have to do something when they are not prepared for it; they every so often require doing things rapidly and not competently than they believe that they must be done. The continuous go-getting between competitor organizations in a cutthroat marketplace can occasionally cause some misuse and doubling-up, and the entire thing frequently appeared to produce a somewhat messy thing (J. Parkin, et. al., 2004). Many executives, though intellectually and sensitively dedicated they are to challenge, recognize that they can perform better. For them, rivalry is not only strenuous, it is also wearisome. And certainly earnings are fairly harder to make in such marketplaces than they are in monopolistic marketplaces (K.A. Crystal and R.G. Lipsey, 2004). For example, a most prominent case of Tesco who monopolizes the retail market in UK, in spite of having an obvio us monopoly with 30% of the marketplace (a monopoly is defined normally as above 25%), its growth has gone unchecked by Competition Commission. The profits of 2bn have been at the outlay of farmers and other contractors who have had to tackle deteriorating prices, and small stores losing theirs local marketplace shares. Tesco is now a largest retailer with more than 2,300 stores globally. That could simply wash out some corporations' earnings, which consecutively could have grave effects for their share value, and might even make them defenseless to the take-over. Such as, under the

Banking Concept Of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Banking Concept Of Education - Essay Example Saudi Arabia, many of the students and educators have not realized that system of education is not just ineffective, but to a larger extent harmful. Going to our classes, we all had one goal in mind getting as much information for the test and getting out. Now that I am studying in America I realized how it is. The whole situation seems like feeding us information on a silver spoon. We were expected to stay quiet for the whole 60 minutes. Not knowing that it was wrong, we did what we were told to do. In the essay, The Banking Concept of Education, Paulo Freire argues that modern education is widely recognized as a chance for teachers to feed students with information as the students submissively accept it. In my years as a submissive recipient of information both in the Saudi Arabia and USA, I have come across numerous educators who fit Freire’s cynical description (Freire Paulo, 13). However, not teachers are the same, in that I have also realized a professor whose style of teaching is different from those Freire scorns, and she created a beautiful environment and splendid environment during the learning process. Her meth ods proved that it is very possible to develop a learning environment where students do not suffer from â€Å"narration sickness†.... The class that changed my opinion of education was the chemistry class. The professor, who was as highly educated as the rest of the faculty educators, initially stacked to the idea that she could learn as much from us the students as we from her. Freire demonstrates a number of qualities of the Banking Concept of Education, and argues these qualities are available in each and every classroom, and are reflected by â€Å"oppressive society in general† (Freire Paulo, 75). One of the first qualities demonstrated by Freire is that: the educator educates and the learner is taught. In our chemistry class, the professor had very little to do with the learning process. Every student submitted a new chemistry models every week, and our peers in the class provided with a feedback on our work. The professor was just there to show guidelines and to expound on complex chemistry concepts that we could not understand as a class, and to ask leading questions to prompt discussion. By reading o ur work and having the students explain to her, the professor also learned many things (Freire Paulo, 43). This logic is firmly related to Freire’s second listed quality which states that: the educator knows everything and the learner knows nothing. However, since most of the feedback came from other students, it was usually the opinion of students that was valued highly in the class. According to Freire, knowledge arises only through invention and reinvention, through impatient, restless, continuing, inquiries pursued by human being in the world, with the world and with each other. That is, true comprehension can only be fashioned though questioning, conversation, and

Organisational Transformation in Practice Assignment

Organisational Transformation in Practice - Assignment Example The task requirement was to attempt the project in the light of the lectures and seminars attended on the subject matter within a period of 2 months. The project was to be done in groups that were made by random selection of people; meaning they were made by the instructor and not according to our will in order to ensure an even distribution so that all individuals of the same calibre do not form a single group. In my case, a group of six members were formed; two of which were friends already, while the rest of us barely knew each other. Moreover, the team leader assigned was a female. The main challenge was to cope and keep pace with the team members and complete the assigned task within time. Performing projects within the given time constraint had never been an issue for me, but what really served as a challenge for me while working on this particular project was the aspect of working with a team that were I was not entirely familiar with. And this aspect of learning how to deal w ith people I don’t know, which is especially crucial when it comes to team tasks, is precisely the most valuable thing that I take away from this experience. Self-Awareness Despite being a fairly social person, it has always been hard for me to adjust to new people. I always need some time to get comfortable while interacting with people I don’t know. So, during the first few weeks I felt very uncomfortable working with new team. Although, I have a friendly personality, but still I needed some time and space to get along with the new members. The group kicked off the work with small tasks such as role plays and brainstorming exercises; which encouraged us to speak up and to share our view points. These exercise helped us understand and get to know each other. But still the major task was yet to be done. Later, in third week we were directed to start thinking about a Multinational Company that we, as a group would choose for the project. This proved to be quite a diffic ult stage for all the team members as this is where conflicts started to arise because everyone had his separate opinions. I noticed that some of my team members were reluctant to share their viewpoint, while some members kept on bombarding their ideas. The most enthusiastic of the lot in giving their inputs were the two members that were friends already and who were of the view that the group should consider Red Cross for the study at hand. At that stage, I personally felt that those two friends were quite strong in our group due to their affiliation as the rest of us had still not opened up to each other and were therefore, a little hesitant at these initial stages of work. So, my leader asked every member to give their best shot regarding the company, which they thought was the best. Although, I did not like the company that was chosen for our study, but still I had to accept it as I was working in a team, the aspect of which can be related to the term referred to as â€Å"Chang e Management Iceberg† by Wilfred Kruger (Kruger, n.d.). Moreover, the most difficult tasks for me were: group working, and practical implication of applying knowledge and theories to the assigned task. I was able to deal with these two aspects only through talking myself into believing that it’s never too late to learn new skills be it human or technical, and by taking every aspect of that whole project

Personal Selling (business marketing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personal Selling (business marketing) - Essay Example amateur and professional players). Since this is an online enterprise, buyers may come from different parts of the world, but as a start-up company, the target would be mainly form the United States. Most of prospective buyers are single (about 70%), affiliated with different religious groups and organizations, but primarily Protestants, Roman Catholics, and members of other Christian denominations. Being sports enthusiasts, prospective buyers live an active, disciplined and healthy lifestyle. They are concerned on their physical, mental and emotional health. Their hobbies are geared to improve and excel in the sport activities that they are interested in. With an active and healthy living prospects have an optimistic, â€Å"I can do it,† attitude. They are solution-oriented. Instead of passively handling a problem and trials, they look at it as an opportunity for growth and improvement. With these of traits this target market, the benefits that they find in a retail outlet is ease and accessibility in buying the products that they want. Also, these prospects are enthusiasts, so they are willing to establish a continuous business relationship with sports equipments suppliers. Just Balls can tap institutions that have demand for their products. They can cater to bulk orders coming from athletic institutions as well as the athletic department of different schools. They can also act as suppliers to small-scale athletic supply stores. Knowing the needs and benefits that my customers have, I need to resort to novel ways in presenting my business concept to Vice Presidents of different enterprises that will supply the stocks. The first approach that I will do is to directly submit a proposal stating the new business idea that I will introduce to them. In that letter I will point out the different advantages and benefits of having a website especially dedicated to buying balls for sporting

Initial Public Offers for Global Firms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Initial Public Offers for Global Firms - Essay Example Initial Public Offers for Global Firms: Risks and Laws for Mitigating the RisksRisks Associated with Global Firms’ IPOsGlobal firms face relatively more challenges when launching IPOs because of the diversity of environments they trade in. For instance, an IPO may face the risk of failure due to negative perceptions by investors of the firm’s country of inception. The legal requirement for full disclosure ensures investor confidence, thereby shielding against this type of risk. Equally, countries face political risk; a risk emanating from a change in host country’s policies towards the country of inception. The Byrd Amendment cautions firms against discriminate treatment on political grounds since such is also the violation of the rights of American investors in a foreign firm (Tolar et al, 2011).Foreign Exchange RisksWhen floating an IPO in a foreign country, there is the relative risk of losing out due to unstable currency exchange rates. To effectively elimina te the risk of losing investment money through currency fluctuations, the management of the global firm may decide to trade in a more stable currency. Alternatively, the firm’s management may decide to price their investments and commodities at prices that reflect the foreign exchange projections over a safe period of time. The firm could also arrange for a forward exchange contract. Â  

Business Law Conference Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Law Conference - Research Paper Example icials claimed that if they validated the results they could in turn be sued by a minority community for developing a practice that disadvantaged the minority groups (Supreme Court of the US 2008). The use of disparate treatment as an alternative to disparate impact has to be strongly justified based on evidences and reasonable standards (remedial action). The Judge rejected the claim that the Department did not discriminate but said that the Department was involved in making a decision based on race, which was more like disparate treatment. IF there is a conflict between disparate treatment and disparate impact, then disparate treatment should be avoided based on clear and outright evidences and standards. Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964: â€Å"Title VII prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 (CRA) and the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 amend several sections of Title VII.† By invalidating the results, there was an impermissible disparate impact, which in turn amounted to a racial preference, and was against Title VII. The Court gave a decision in favor of the 12 firefighters claiming that invalidation of their test results was a violation under Title VII. Another judge mentioned that the court failed to provide a clarification between the provisions of disparate impact under Title VII and the equal protection clause under the US Constitution (14th Amendment). Other evidences suggested that there were many flaws in the testing system adopted by New Haven, and if the testing system was better, the results outcome was have not been skewed. The court found the racial decision making adopted by New Haven Department as discriminatory and hence had to reinstate the results. However, it was also found that the testing system adopted by New Haven was improper compared to that of other Departments. However, this was not a basis invalidating the results obtained by the White

Malcom X Essay Example for Free

Malcom X Essay Malcom X was a man who held many strong beliefs and posed numerous persuasive arguments. Many of these arguments are presented by Malcom X in his autobiography. The told events of his life provide the evidence for the arguments he makes. One of his contentions is that women are inferior to men. Malcoms perception of women and his basis for this argument develop through out his life. His experiences with women provide efficient evidence for the argument he makes, but there are some counter-examples which contradict his argument. Malcom grew up watching his father beat his mother. As a young boy he lived in a society where women were considered less significant than men. When Malcom moved to Boston, he gained knowledge about women by the examples of his friends who used women as status symbols. His experiences with his own status symbol, Sophia, further lead him to believe that women were inferior to men. These conditions shaped Malcoms views on women. It was through Malcoms experiences with his family, his friends in Boston, and the women he knew that lead him to believe women were nothing but another commodity (155). Malcom did have models of proud and self-reliant women through out his life. However, these women did not seem to affect his overall opinion. Malcoms father was often physically abusive to his mother. Malcom was subjected to witnessing his fathers actions. Malcom observes that a possible reason for his fathers violent outbursts was the fact that his mother had a pretty good education (6). His father would not tolerate being corrected by a woman which presented Malcom his first example of womens inferiority to men. These violent outbreaks and his mothers passive reactions taught Malcom that women could be treated in any harmful and shameful way without consequence. Moving to Boston exposed Malcom to a different culture. Bostons urban setting clashed with the rural areas where Malcom was raised. The friends he made in Boston were hustlers who operated in a fast paced and manipulative world. They believed that being seen with a white woman was the ultimate establishment of reputation. Not only did Malcom witness the white women being used for status by his friends, he understood that those white women had no more respect for those Negroes (140). He knew that the white women were using them for pleasure and escape from the security of their marriages. These experiences taught Malcom that women were to be regarded as nothing more than trophies. The lack of respect given to the women and the lack of which they gave provided evidence that women did not deserve to be appreciated. Malcom had his own white woman to parade around town to the clubs and bars, Sophia. Sophia succumbed to anything that Malcom demanded. She surrendered all of her money to him and would appear at his beck and call. Malcom would abuse her just to keep her in line (156). It became Malcoms belief that some women love to be exploited (156). Malcom exploited the submissive Sophia because she allowed him to do so. Malcom was surrounded by meek and subservient women which lead him to believe women like to be treated in such a harsh manner. Malcom was acquainted with a few very highly regarded women. The first really proud black woman Malcom had known was his sister, Ella (39). Ella was a woman of great achievements. Malcom had never been so impressed with anybody (39-40). Another impressive woman who impacted Malcoms life was the wife of his boss. She was educated and had business abilities which Malcom respected. Malcom regarded these women much differently than the others he knew like Sophia, however, his inferiority-of-women attitude was not changed by these decent women. The mistreatment and abuse of women that Malcom witnessed and acted out guided his beliefs about women and where they stood in society. Malcoms perceptions of women and his argument about gender relations are clearly connected with his raising. His evidence of these views and arguments give good reason for him to accept them as true. His gender relations argument does not take into consideration the few, but highly upright, women that did take part in his life, though. The fact that he did experience relationships with women whom he did not consider inferior conflicts his argument.

Escalation and Practice Essay Example for Free

Escalation and Practice Essay A holographic fabric printer has been developed by AIC(Advanced International Corporation) and is considering the option of exporting it to India. The research paper is aimed at performing an analysis of the situation to determine whether such an idea will bear fruits or not. The social situation, the political situation, the location, scenario, the future business prospects and the general textile industry statistics are performed to assist in the implementation of the idea. It is on the basis of this information that a hypothesis has been made. AIC is basically concerned with the manufacture and development of machinery and parts for industries such as printing firms, toy manufacturering not excluding the fabric industry. The printing part includes; posters, large wallpapers, and large billboards for companies advertisement. The company has developed a new tool that enables the printing of holographic images on fabrics. The new tool is not only meant for commercial advertising purposes but also could be utilized in the modern clothing industry. AIC is looking to export the printing tool to India and some of the Asians countries because the Central and Eastern Asian countries are the biggest exporters of raw and ready made fabric. It is therefore the aim of this research paper to make a thorough analysis of the situation and come up with a suggestion or conclusion on whether the project will be viable and whether it will be profitable for AIC to go ahead and export the tool to textile industries in India. From previous statistics carried out by India itself and other interested bodies it is clear that Indias exports are slightly lower than what they expect. If this tool is introduced to India, it might be a success in increasing the market for Indias textile exports. It is therefore important to find out this fact with the aim of giving the relevant conclusion. The research will look at the percentage of textile products exported by India to various countries of the world, Indias annual industrial production and also the demand of various textile products by the mentioned counties. This will help in giving out a rough idea of what to expect by the year 2010 and whether the project should be put in place. Recommendations and conclusions will be made and leave it at the discretion of AIC. Basing on the studies performed and the data collected, it will be a good idea to export the holographic fabric printer to India as she is a growing market with sufficient demand , opportunities of trade as well as a potential future region in terms of textile production and exportation. This trade agreement between India and AIC would be one of the opportunities aimed at boosting the profits and business relations for both of them.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The viability of the project will be tested using the Simple Correlation method. This method will be used as it compares the relationship between two variable in a much simpler way as compared to other methods. When using this method, the study will be statistically significant if the outcome is either; higher than or equal to 0.7 (0.8) to 1.0; or lower than or equal to -0.7 (-0.8) to -1.0. The AICs project manager requires an analysis of the situation on the exportation of the new holographic printers to India. The paper therefore aims at determining whether such an endeavor will be beneficial or not in the long run. India on the other hand, is looking forward to boosting its textile exports all over the world and has a target of about 8% by the year 2010. India has a current share of approximately 4% to 5% of the total world textile export. After agriculture, textile is the second largest sector in India and it provides a lot of   export revenue and a substantial GDP of the country. Technological breakthroughs as a tool will help in the improvement of this sector and thus give India the edge to improve on its trade standing internationally. Advanced International Corporation therefore, is aiming for a fruitful result from the move and is looking for its new development which is the holographic fabric printer.

McDonalds Company Overview

McDonalds Company Overview 1.0 Introduction McDonalds Company Overview McDonalds is a big corporation and international fast food restaurant around the world, it was founded by Richard and Maurice McDonald in 1937 in California, and 43 years later in December 1980, the global fast food restaurants had arrived in Malaysia (The Communications Department McDonalds Restaurants Ltd 1995). It gives a lot of advantage to McDonalds and opportunity to capture more shares and customers as the fast food trend in Malaysia still have the market to expand. Since 1982, McDonalds opened its first restaurant stated in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It creates many job opportunities, especially in its headquarter which is having more than 8,000 local people and 120 support staffs being employed.( M.Azu, 2010) This report reviews McDonalds social performance, and how the McDonalds performance influencing to the society. Furthermore, it also shows the effective of stakeholders and the performance of company with regards to fulfilling needs within society. 2.0Social performance The corporate social performance consists of measurement in â€Å"how well the institution has translated its social goals into practice† (CGAP Workshop Paris 2004). It also known as corporate social responsibility (CSR), is define as the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lord Holme and Richard Watts n,d.) There is another definition, CSR is about capacity building for sustainable livelihoods. It respects cultural differences and finds the business opportunities†¦.† (Ghana n,d.) For McDonalds, my own definition is that CSR is about how companies manage the business operation to produce an overall impact on society and creates a good impression to customers and stakeholders in order to making profits in ways of belief in welfare, and responsibility to take care of welfare benefits. In this section, we will discuss about how well the CSR and contribution of McDonalds in the society. 2.1Services provider technology improvement McDonalds provides customers extra services such as delivery order through phone and online, and also 24 hours service for people who look for quick meal during their night shift. (McDonalds n.d.) It gives a good aspect of economic arises as many household can purchase the fast foods in the convenience way. This will slightly increase the rate of consumption in Malaysia. Moreover, it helps to develop infrastructure especially telecommunication, intercommunication and so on, as nowadays people are lazy to go out having their meals, some of them are ordering their meals through internet rather than driving a car to buy foods. 2.2Environmental protection Environmental protection refers to â€Å"any activity to maintain or restore the quality of environmental media through preventing the emission of pollutants or reducing the presence of polluting substances in environmental media.† (Glossary of Environment Statistics, Studies in Methods 2001). In this case, McDonalds is announcing a plan to buy up $100 million in recycled construction materials for use in building and remodeling its fast-food restaurants. (John Holusha 1990), it is helping the recycling industry to reclaim those materials such as newspapers, cans and bottles. In addition, McDonalds also uses the recycling materials for packaging such as beverages, burgers and so on. However, the McDonalds recycling program is not only aimed to do like that, the company said the plastic items are also can reform into the useful items such as trays and buckets. (John Holusha 1990) Therefore, sometimes McDonalds will come out with their strategy such as using the recycle plastic items to make plastic glass as a free gift for customers who buy a set of meal. 3.0Impact of social performance As we know that McDonalds is a fast food restaurant, some people might not satisfy with their services or foods. This section will tell us the issues that McDonalds encountered. 3.1 Copyright and Patents Copyright is a â€Å"protection for original expression of ideas that we cannot copy from them who have registered†. (HJ Ventures International, Inc 2004) There are different functions between copyright and patent. For a thing to be patented it must be useful. Since we know that McDonalds is a big corporation, they had registered the copyright and patents, which mean people cannot use the similar name or product when forming a business. However, sometimes company may face the copyright and patents problem. For an example, there is hottest news in recent years, which contend about the copyrights of the company name, McDonalds v McCurry. McDonalds vigorously defends its trademarks against violations anywhere in the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Liam Jeory 2009) We can see that McDonalds strongly defends against their copyrights. However, McDonalds failed to sue McCurry for the copyrights, McCurry argued that their selling foods such as briyani rice, nasi lemak, while McDonalds sells fries, and burgers, etc. (Boey Wei Lyn, 2010) In this case, the court held that their style is use in different terms of presentation, get-up and targeted market, and the signboard for McCurry would not result in reasonable persons associating McCurry Restaurant with McDonalds. (Boey Wei Lyn 2010) In fact, McCurry offered to the customers are totally different from what McDonalds offered, and this shows that McCurry did not use â€Å"Mc† to name their food items served in his outlet. In conclusion, the court st ated that there was no proof in such circumstances, and eventually McDonalds leave to appeal to the court and awarded McCurry cost of RM10, 000. 3.2Nutrition Nowadays most customers concern in healthy foods. However, fast food is considered oily and bad for health, it will link to serious diseases such as heart disease, cancer, obesity and so on. McDonalds has no sufficient scientific evidence to prove that their food can be valuable part of a balance diet. Many people said that McDonalds are selling unhealthy products, for most people who practice to eat the healthiest possible food usually either cooks at home or have meal at the workplace to avoid taking fast food. (Helen and Dave) However, the situation is changing rapidly, many food industries has processed the unhealthy mass for food that it can used to replace fresh and healthy foods. This successful development had causes a serious problem in human health as now they currently sell to about 30 million people daily. (Helen and Dave) People start to rely on McDonalds fast food and dislike cooking at home as its convenience to all of them. Therefore, McDonalds has become the world largest threats for human health which people are concerning about. 3.3 Legal and Political Environment Malaysia is formally an Islamic nation as majority of its population comes from Muslim. McDonalds will have to bind with the Malaysia Law which is Syariat Law, it stated that all food served must be Halal. (M.Azu, 2010) It brings a lot of limitation to McDonalds food offered to Malaysia. In order to capture and making profit in this market, McDonalds have to cooperate in working with suppliers, authorities, local businesses and government throughout their international operations. As we know that McDonalds makes many offers such as beef, chicken, pork, fish meal around the world, McDonalds is forced to follow the law in Malaysia by serving the Halal food to gain Islam consumers confident which creates a good impression in Malaysia. Therefore, McDonalds must concern in the type of foods in Malaysia they offered, especially the total absence of pork products. 4.0Effective of Stakeholders Stakeholders can be defined as â€Å"individuals and groups who are affected by the activities of an organization†¦..†(Ian Worthington 2009). McDonalds stakeholders have the combination of Internal, Connected and External Stakeholders in Malaysia. This section shows only the analysis of the two elements of stakeholders as external shareholders take less effect in McDonalds organization. 4.1Internal Stakeholders Internal stakeholders includes both elements, which is managers and employees, this type of stakeholders will affect the day-to-day operations in McDonalds as their working performance will directly affects McDonalds business and the impression of the company. 4.1.1Managers In Malaysia, there is only one managing director, Azmir Jaafar, who is responsible to all the McDonalds restaurant in Malaysia. He is the one who works from low hierarchy level which is assistant manager, store manager, to high hierarchy level of operations consultant, market manager and director of operations. As a trainee manager, he said that the manager needs to understand the basics of cooking burgers and cleanliness in the kitchen at all times. (Sarah Chew 2009) Therefore, a manager must make sure that day-to-day operations are running smoothly and serving the foods and beverage constantly. Moreover, a stock manager also plays an important role which he has to make sure the ingredients are fresh and applicable. 4.1.2Employees For a trainee manager, he has to qualify the needs of employee in McDonalds operations. As McDonalds open for 24 operation hours, sometime they need to find someone who is fast learner and able to work in flexible hours. Therefore, the communications interact between employees is the important skills for a manager to manage the working schedule and so on. In addition, Azmir Jaafar said that he love his job because McDonalds has been rated for 10 best employers. (Sarah Chew 2009) McDonalds is also providing training to their employees in terms of management skill, customer service skills and so on so that employees positive attitude toward customers can bring positive image to the public. 4.2Connected Stakeholders Connected stakeholders cover groups such as shareholders, suppliers and customers, and are parties which invest or have dealings with the firm. (Ian Worthington 2009) These elements will strongly affect the financial performance of the company. 4.2.1 Customer In fact, customer is the key element for McDonalds to survive in the market. Sales levels increase or decrease directly affects the cash stream flow system and McDonalds stock listed in the market. 4.2.2 Shareholders and suppliers Supplier helps to maintain the McDonalds demands and to make sure that ingredient is fresh, as while as McDonalds can provide the best tasty food served to customers. On the other hand, â€Å"increasing of shareholders value will be best served†¦.† (Ian Worthington 2009) Company and shareholders will get profits if the company performs well and achieving success and financial well-being. 5.0 Conclusion In short, this report clearly shows that McDonalds business operations and the impacts of social performance within society, I believe the highlighted points are important to McDonalds to pay close attention and overcome it, and help to improve their performance while expanding the business to the market in near future. 6.0 Recommendation As we know that McDonalds fast food is considered oily and bad for health, I suggest that company should offer healthy foods such as sweet potato, vegetables salad meals to target the people who are vegetarians. Moreover, company should not only target the customers, it can cooperate with another company to form a new restaurant in order to fulfill the vegetarian or healthy needs, and response to any activity such environmental protection plan in the society. Reference List Boey Wei Lyn, 2010. McDonalds v McCurry. http://loyarburok.com/selected-judgments/a-comment-on-mcdonald-losing-its-trademark-battle-against-mccurry/ (accessed April 1, 2010). CGAP Workshop Paris CERISE coordinated. 2004. Power point slides. Retrieved from Cerise-microfinance publications Website: http://www.cerise-microfinance.org/publication/pdf/prog_spi2/15-11h15-Argidius-Kverhagen-definition.pdf (accessed March 31, 2010). HJ Ventures International, Inc. 2004. Copyright definition. Patent Glossary: Copyright.http://www.hjventures.com/patent/Copyright.html (accessed March 31, 2010). Glossary of Statistical Terms.2001. Environmental protection. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=836 (accessed March 31, 2010). Helen and Dave, n.d. the issues introduction.http://www.mcspotlight.org/issues/intro.html (accessed April 1, 2010). Hes lovin it.2009.The Malaysian, May 31, Sarah Chew. http://www.mcdonalds.com.my/abtus/corpinfo/49.pdf (accessed April 2, 2010). Ian Worthington, 2009. Stakeholders and how they affect your business. http://www.simama.org/article/stakeholders-and-how-they-affect-your-business (accessed April 2, 2010). JohnHolusha, 1990. McDonalds Contribution to Recycling. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/18/business/mcdonald-s-contribution-to-recycling.html?pagewanted=1 (accessed April 1, 2010). Mallen Baker, n.d. Corporate Social Responsibility What does it mean? http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/definition.php (accessed April 7, 2010). M.Azu, 2010. McDonalds Malaysia Marketing Strategy. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23688272/McDonals-Malaysia (accessed April 2, 2010). McDonalds, n.d. History: McDonalds in Malaysia. http://www.mcdonalds.com.my/abtus/corpinfo/history_msia.asp (accessed March 31, 2010). Royce Cheah and Bill Tarrant, 2009. McDonalds vs McCurry heads for Malaysia court again.http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5834EF20090904 (accessed April 1, 2010).

Comparing Neo of the Matrix and Ender Wiggen of Ender’s Game :: Movie Film Movies Films

Comparing Neo of the Matrix and Ender Wiggen of Ender’s Game From the first moment that we wake up we know that we are awake, but have you ever had a sensation that you are dreaming but you know you are awake? This is the same way Neo felt in his world in the movie the Matrix. Ender Wiggen was in the same situation in the novel Ender’s Game, written by Orson Scott Card. He was living in a place where no one accepted him because he was a third, which means that he belongs to the government for a special purpose. The comparisons of Neo and Ender through their different conflicts made believe, important decision to make and stimulus that people need and the consequences that brings after making decision. The first similarly that Ender and Neo have was that both were put in the world to complete a mission. First, they needed to believe that they were the one to save the world. Neo, in the movie, The Matrix was living in a world where everything seems normal. But he knows that there is something wrong in the world. This is when Morpheus appears. Morpheus, for many years, was searching for the one. He blindly believed that Neo was the one. When Neo knew that his world was not real, he felt that his whole life was living in a dream world. Morpheus was the man that guided Neo, training him and making him believe that he is the one. On the other hand, Ender’s story is very similar. Ender was a young man: independent, strong willed, mentally tough creative and mature. Even though he is only six years old, he is capable of having the ability of leadership. Ender also had a man with no mercy that believed that he was the one. Colonel Graff was Ender’s teacher. He guides, him tra ins him, isolates him from his peers, and drives him to the point of exhaustion. These two men have a conflict that they do not find themselves in their world. They feel that they do not belong in the world that they are living in. Ender is living in a place where the government controls a system that everyone must follow. Ender does not believe that this system was right for the people. He is fighting with his internal and external conflict. His external conflict involves his struggles to overcome the obstacles places in his path, and the internal conflict is the result of the external that affect his emotional life.

Inequality in the Legal System of the United States Essay -- essays re

In the United States, true equality has never existed. From the Declaration of Independence to modern times, the U.S. legal system has failed in any attempt at equality. The ideology of "all [men] are equal but some [men] are more equal than others" has been present throughout the history of the U.S. (Orwell). Inequality has always existed in the United States legal system and continues to exist today; however, the inequality presently in the system is not as blatant as what it once was, but the system has come to depend on inequality. Since the very beginning of a legal system in the United States, there has been inequality. The Declaration of Independence declared that "†¦all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights†¦"(Jefferson). The reality of the Declaration of Independence was that all free, white, landowning men are created equal. Slavery continued in the U.S. for nearly ninety years after the Declaration, and black Americans still feel the sting of inequality. Women were also left out of "†¦all men are created equal†¦." The implied meaning of the opening lines of the Declaration of Independence is what the U.S. legal system has strived for and failed to grasp fully. After the establishment of independence in the United States, the development of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights ensued. The Bill of Rights was to establish the basic rights of every citizen of the United States, but failed to do so. The rights of white, male citizens were the only rights that were ensured by the Bill of Rights. The rights of blacks and the underprivileged were not even considered. The Fifth Amendment states, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury†¦, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation" ("Constitution", Amendment V). These rights were often denied to those that were second class citizens or those people that were not even considered to be people, such as slaves. The rights ensured by the first ten amendments have been denied to some part of the population at any given time in American history. The denying of the basic rights established by the Bill of Rights is not limited to the any one amendment.... ...aration of Independence". Encyclopedia Britannica 1997-98. CD-ROM. Britannica. 1998. "Jim Crow Laws". Encyclopedia Britannica 1997-98. CD-ROM. Britannica. 1998. Kairys, David. "Unexplained on Grounds Other Than Race". American University Law Review. Volume 45, Book 3. 12 Dec. 1999. href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/pub/journals/lawrev/KAIRYS.HTM">http://www.wcl.american.edu/pub/journals/lawrev/KAIRYS.HTM Orwell, George. Animal Farm in The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations. CD-ROM. Microsoft. 1997. "Racial segregation" Encyclopedia Britannica 1997-98. CD-ROM. Britannica. 1998.United States Supreme Court. "Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)." Selected Historic Decisions of the US Supreme Court. Legal Information Institute, 1999. 12 Dec. 1999. href="http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/cases/historic.htm">http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/cases/historic.htm United States Supreme Court. "Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U.S. 294 (1955)." Selected Historic Decisions of the US Supreme Court. Legal Information Institute, 1999. 12 Dec. 1999. href="http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/cases/historic.htm">http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/cases/historic.htm

Lunch With God :: essays research papers

Lunch With God A little boy wanted to meet God. He knew it was a long trip to where God lived, so he packed his suitcase with Twinkies and a six-pack of root beer and started his journey. When he had gone about three blocks, he met an old man. He was sitting in the park just staring at some pigeons. The boy sat down next to him and opened his suitcase. He was about to take a drink from his root beer when he noticed that the old man looked hungry, so he offered him a Twinkie. He gratefully accepted it and smiled at him. His smile was so pleasant that the boy wanted to see it again, so he offered him a root beer. Again, he smiled at him. The boy was delighted! They sat there all afternoon eating and smiling, but they never said a word. As it grew dark, the boy realized how tired he was and got up to leave, but before he had gone more than a few steps, he turned around, ran back to the old man and gave him a hug. He gave him his biggest smile ever. When the boy opened t he door to his own house a short time later, his mother was surprised by the look of joy on his face. She asked him, "What did you do today that made you so happy?" He replied, "I had lunch with God." And before his mother could respond, he added, "You know what? He's got the most beautiful smile I've ever seen." Meanwhile, the old man, also radiant with joy, returned to his home. His son was stunned by the look of peace on his face and asked, "Dad, what did you do today that made you so happy?" He replied, "I ate Twinkies in the park with God." And before his son responded, he added, "You know, he's much younger than I expected." Too often we underestimate the power of a touch, a smile, a kind word, a listening ear, an honest compliment, or the smallest act of caring, all of which have the potential to turn a life around.

Looking For Alibrandi †realtionship with John Essay

One of the most significant relationships in the novel is between Josie Alibrandi and John Barton. The relationship changes in various ways at different stages. It’s through this relationship that Josie learns much more about what is important in life and learns to accept her identity. Initially they were the best of friends, but Josie wanted to be with John Barton because she thought he was the best man she would ever meet. She sees him as an upper class man who is witty, charming and everything she wants in a man. John Barton also likes her and doesn’t feel any racism towards Josie at all, but he has mixed feelings between Josie and Ivy. Josie wants to be in the same law class as John but he isn’t allowed to choose what course he wants to study in because he is under constant pressure to do what his dad wants him to do. As the book progresses John Barton and Josie become closer together because John was spending more time with Josie than with Ivy, so Josie believes that John is falling for a middle class working woman over a upper class snob like Ivy. Josie also sees a side of John she doesn’t like, he was extremely negative about life which Josie disagreed with and didn’t like what he was saying so they start to break away a bit at that moment because of his negativity towards life. Josie and John grew even closer when they wrote down their deepest feelings and gave it to each other to hold onto, which before then she was too afraid to tell anyone what she was thinking, which by this action of trust was a definite big step towards their relationship. John wanted to go against his father’s wishes and take control of his own life and enrole in the law course. A couple days after John decided what he wanted to do in life he committed suicide, most likely because his dad disagreed with his actions that caused him into a depression. John never tried to get into a serious relationship with Josie or Ivy because he new the only way he could be free was to kill himself so he didn’t want to just string them along. John’s suicide affected Josie in a number of different ways, she started off begin extremely angry at John and everyone around her but when she was with  her parents she was very scared about dieing so she had her father stay with her that night. Josie also realised that John didn’t live in such a perfect world as Josie had suspected that she didn’t have it as worse off as John Barton did, also that money doesn’t solve all problems and by that Josie realises how lucky she is. In conclusion Josie realises that John had to die to be emancipated but Josie’s emancipation came from living against all of her unfortunate events with her and her family.

Modern Political Thought

enlighten of Politics and International traffic new semi policy-making n onenession II POL206 2012-13 mental faculty Convenor Dr Madeleine Davis Email m. j. netmailprotected ac. uk business pull iner hours Semester 1 thorium 2-3pm, Friday 11-12am, Semester 2 thorium 23pm, Friday 1-2pm. Office location Arts One, Room 2. 28b Timetable irritates Thurs long snip at 10 am Seminars Thurs age (see QM+ and School vex board for detail) 1 1. Wel jazz from the convenor This faculty vade mecum entrusts you with innate tuition. The handbook detail the bailiwicks cover separately make calendar week.You should subroutine the afflict lists returnd to facilitate you prep be for lectures and seminars. You should adopt the handbook c argonfully before you father the staff, and you should hold it with you invariablyy week to lectures and seminars. The archetypal a a few(prenominal)(prenominal) rogues get out you almost universal information and advice on h ow the faculty provide be taught and assessed, as salutary as repointlines on preparing and expressing your clobber. The rest of the handbook is a consort to staff content, including a week by week be fork outn to lecture and seminar themes, with substantial and supplemental exercises all the sort indicated for each subject area.Copies of this faculty outline and new(prenominal)wisewise handouts ar purchasable from the folders on the w exclusively outside the School Office on the scrap grade of the Arts Building. The staff outline for the wince semester depart be uncommitted at the give the axe of the autumn semester. Announcements relating to the module ordain be distri unlessed via electronic mail to your QM email beak or via QM+, and it is your responsibility if you miss either of these announcements. T here allow for be a weekly lecture for the module at 10 am on Thursdays. Seminars likewise take place on Thursday and you testament be assigned to wizard of these. . Module description This second socio-economic hu mankindkind body core module is compulsory for e re ally(prenominal) Politics and Politics/ annals students, beca drill we convention forward an misgiving of the history, mental synthesiss and main c adept timepts of policy-making sentiment is necessary for appreciating the institutions and arguments of innovative governmental vivification, as you result study it in early(a) modules. The skills you learn in dealing with to a greater goal abstract and prescriptive ideas, as well as in evaluating rational arguments, ar similarly essential for runine all part of the discipline.The module builds on the abbreviation of c formerlypts and ideologies begun in POL100 en hand overway to Politics, nevertheless it besides whirls an prospect to read almost of the uncorrupted texts, and to explore slightly of the makeing ideas, of newfangled policy-making scheme. By canvass the make upat ions and victimization of governmental thought, we atomic number 50 get word how raw-day ways of seting round regime and the governmental emerged, as well as appreciating the historic and suppositious context of uses in which they evolved.The furiousness in the module pull up stakes be on a small variation and analysis of ancient texts. representative I of the track (MPT I) foc occasiond on the discipline of semipolitical thought prior to the French Revolution, accent marking in crabbed the social swerve tradition plungeational ideas most rational person-to-person identity the quest for a theory of political province which would grant legitimacy to the uphill advanced(a) secernate the inducement of similarlyth root theories of democratic participation and popular sovereignty and the critique of m whatever(prenominal) of these dampenments in recent conservatism.It besides raised questions or so how we think of the political, by comparing the s ocial ask tradition with that of Machiavelli and by considering political science in the context of the development of modernity. C at one timepts like consent, freedom, equality, overcompensates and place were prominent. In Part II of the course, we get out be considering the way in which political thought developed in the viewing of the French and industrial revolutions. We result take up by center oning upon the continued rescind of liberalism and secularism in the 18th and 19th centuries in the engage of Jeremy 2Bentham, sewer Stuart mill around and Immanuel Kant. These figures epitomize the continued elaboration and sophistication of the modern foundations of political society in concepts of rationalism, prudence, freedom and equality. As we pull up stakes see, their conceptions of the usance of the res publica, of right and of pledge continue to be vastly influential in deuce political thought and practice today. For the rest of the module we go forth tu rn our attention to Germany and 3 great German judgements Hegel, Marx and Nietzsche.This allow drop by the wayside you the opportunity to study three of the nineteenth-centurys to a lower placelying political heads, whose ideas pick out compete a crucial exercise in the development of the 20th century. Hegels literary productions whitethorn not at eldest shank seem easy to understand as they argon compose in a style that is highly metaphysical and abstract. til now, once we get beyond the philosophical slang we discover matchless of the most induce rafts of the alliance betwixt citizens and the state that has ever been offered.For Hegel, the state was the actuality of the ethical idea, and it was jadee the conjure that the singular acquires what he describes as substantive freedom. The critiques of liberalism developed by Marx and Nietzsche be the most influential we establish. attack the genuinely foundations of the emerging liberal capitalist order, they as well dismissed its set and aspirations to umpire as at best illusory and at worst, as masquerades for advancing portioned interests.For them, liberal democracy is about oppression and exploitation (Marx), nihilism and deathly mediocrity (Nietzsche), not justice and emancipation. They developed very diametric ideas from liberal ones, about military man temperament and what business leader be dandy for it. They withal developed grand diachronic accounts to explain what they saw as the miseries and degeneracy of modernity (capitalist economy nihilism), alongside some(prenominal) verbose allusions as to how we might escape from them. above all, Marx and Nietzsche seek to cont shutdown the idea that political relation is a rational practice undertaken by self-conscious actors who take rational decisions and subscribe to familiar values of fairness. What they describe is a utmost to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal) complex environs in which government activity is an ongoing struggle betwixt (structural, cultural, unconscious) forces of which we ofttimes run by dint of little savvy and even less control. This regard ass that they even off less attention to the State than more conventional political theorists, since the author struggles that pee political life argon much more widespread.This cl archeozoic has signifi sacrifice firet implications for the practising of politics and through with(p) them, Marx and Nietzsche oblige us once more to take up the firstborn semesters questions concerning the bases (or lack of them) for political liberty, sh atomic number 18d values or any common vision of justice or liberation. 3. Teaching and adaptation Profile a) Teaching Ar run awayments Lecturers Madeleine Davis (MD), Jeremy Jennings (JJ), Carolean bequeathiams (CW) and Cl be Woodford (CWd) Seminar teachers Madeleine Davis, Caroline volitioniams and Cl atomic number 18 Woodford The module has two components a one hour weekly ecture and a one hour weekly seminar. Attendance at all lectures and seminars is compulsory. Persistent non-attendance outhouse peak to 3 de- accommodation, which give the gate affect your boilers suit crystallizeification or prevent your studying advertise with fairy bloody shame. If you are abstracted collapseable to ill health you should liaison the module tutor and the office. If you are absent straitsed from sprite bloody shame for more than tail fin days, you essential supply a desexualises note. Lectures there bequeath be twenty-two weekly lectures, as luxuriant in the module outline beneath. These impart take place on Thursdays at 10 am. You should batten d protest that you attend all of these.Lectures are captured on audio and video, and you drive out find them on QM+. Seminars these are held once a week and likewise remnant one hour. They are small host meetings based around specified texts and themes, and they are think to suppl ement the lectures and provide an opportunity for deeper password of the module content. You essential do the claimd preparatory development in advance of the seminar. exclusively participants are judge to evince a elaborate class period for the weeks topic and a forgetingness and ability to contribute to screen watchword on the tail of such instruction.You evoke however demonstrate reading and sentiment through making regular contributions to carve up tidingss. The screen tutors go out endeavour to make sure that everybody says something in every seminar. Since seminars are projected to allow you to make an commentary into the module, attendance is compulsory. entertain note that non-attendance at seminars washbowl lead to deregistration from the module (see undergraduate handbook). Please let the seminar tutor greet in advance if you are ineffective to attend a seminar, and delight discipline that you speak to the module convenor or your personal tuto r if you are experiencing problems.Because texts are open to various interpretations and animadversions, seminars in this module provide an peculiarly of the burden(predicate) forum for severe out your ideas, testing them on other readers, and most valuablely, raising arduousies that arose during your reading. You should never find oneself intimidated in these classes, in expressing your ideas fanciful sentiment is an important part of political theorising and it is not a question of macrocosm right or reproach. Above all, it is important that you should come to class with an enquiring mind and a willingness to share your questions, problems and opinions with other members of the tutorial.Class discussions are for your bene hit and the more you put into them, the more stimulating and answerful youll find them. In fact, the best MPT sessions often arise from students identifying parts of texts they found the most difficult or controversial, rather than those parts which are more self-evident. Never feel inhibited about asking the sloppeding of lecture or passages the chances are that other people are excessively struggling with them It is important that you should wrick a assume of the weeks pristine text with you, as we whitethorn want to analyse particular passages together.QM+ and email it is important that you stoppage the POL206 area on QM+ regularly. Not only will we line announcements and handouts there, but we will also train QM+ in the teaching of the module. Smart students dont come un effectuated to class because they stool forgotten to check QM+. You essential also read your pantywaist bloody shame email daily for any communication theory about teaching. The School will not use any other email but that supplied by the pouffe Mary. stroke to respond to email messages, curiously regarding non-attendance, may lead to deregistration. b) Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria The aims of the module are To give student s a wide-cut overview of modern political cerebration as it developed from the 16th century to the end of the 20th century to encourage a capacity in analytical opinion and an ability to deal with abstract concepts and normative or speculative ideas to introduce a searing thought which encourages rigorous and creative thinking and to teach skills which are derived from a text-based module and to introduce intensive and round-the-clock typography assignments in order to develop students writing abilities and mights of written analysis.The learning object lenss of the module are The acquisition of a fine k outrightledge of classic texts in political theory an ability to explain and critically analyse the basic claims and normative ideas central modern political doctrines a familiarity with the central concepts of modern political thought, such as rights, justice, human temper, liberty, equality, democracy, exploitation, as well as the idea of the political itself, as th ese let developed discursively and historically and an sagaciousness of how political theory twain understands, and responds to, the questions of odernity and the modern state. Skills The module aims to teach the pastime skills analytic skills in occlude readings of texts skills of critical rating in considering arguments speculative skills in thinking about the big questions in politics presentation skills in summarising complex theoretical arguments and writing skills in presenting critical written accounts of ideas covered and reflecting on the students deliver take aim. c) Attendance Attendance at all Lectures and Seminars is compulsory.Persistent non attendance notify lead to de-registration, which clean affect your boilers suit sort or prevent your studying nurture with Queen Mary. If you are absent due to ill health you should contact the module tutor and the office. If you are absent from Queen Mary for more than 5 days you must(prenominal) supply a deposit s note. d) meshing/Preparation This handbook details the topics covered each week. You should use the reading lists provided to armed service you stand up for lectures and seminars. You can only demonstrate reading and thinking through making regular contributions to class discussions. e) Communication You must read your Queen Mary email for any communications about teaching daily. The School will not use any other email but that supplied by the Queen Mary. Failure to respond to email messages, especially regarding non-attendance, may lead to deregistration. You must check this QM+ set for this module for any messages and henchmand learning tangible. 4. Assessment Profile and Timetable for feedback (see also vermiform appendix 1) a) Assessment In the spring semester, discernment for this module bes of the hobby two pieces of manoeuver (i) an look for proposal of max. 00 language, asset on the job(p) bibliography (weighting 10% of the mark for the whole year) and (ii) a look for evidence of max. 5000 words (weighting 50% of the mark for the whole year). The investigate see is digited to allow you to demonstrate both depth and breadth in your sense of the semesters chance on themes and thinkers. It is also mean to service develop your skills of research design and in beent research, in order to prepare you for the final year dissertation you will undertake bordering year.You will be call for to get one from a cream of key themes, and to write an search that compares and analyses the intervention of your elect theme by at least three of the thinkers covered in this module. The filling of thinkers will depend on the theme chosen and your own interests, with one stipulation at least two must be chosen from the origin Semester (for Semester B associates all will be chosen from the Spring Semester). The themes from which to choose are i) freedom, ii) human temperament, iii) pietism, iv) equality, v) political endorsement and legit imacy.The requirement to submit a forge and running(a) bibliography is intended to realise that your excerption of themes and thinkers is appropriate, to attend to you in framing your arguments, and to give you the opportunity to receive feedback on your croak in progress from your seminar tutor. Your tutors may also incorporate victimize writing exercises into classes to assist you link themes and thinkers as we progress through the course. Deadlines look for proposal Thursday 7 March (hebdomad 9) Feedback will be presumptuousness in week 11. enquiry try Tuesday 23 April. Grades and feedback will be presumption subsequently the exam period.Please refer to the appendix for pass on information and counselor about the course doing. Exam There is no exam for this module. 6 Semester B associate students Those pickings MPT II only will set out 100% of their grade awarded on the basis of their spring semester course utilisation. The coursework is as follows (i) an raise proposal of max. 500 words, plus working(a) bibliography (weighting 15% of the mark) and (ii) a research study of max. 5000 words (weighting 85% of the mark). The coursework is due on the same dates as for nonassociate students.See Appendices for full details. b) endurance of coursework You must submit one electronic copy of all assignments. Your electronic copy must be submitted via Queen Marys Virtual Learning environment (QMPlus) by 9am on the day of the state deadline. The School has a policy of nameless marking. Your name must not start anywhere on your work. Therefore, you must ensure that you use the coursework coversheet as the first page of your assignment. Any coursework work submitted which does not have a coversheet attached will fix penalties for incorrect submission.Coversheets can be downloaded from the undergrad shared area of QMPlus and through individual QMPlus module areas Your electronic copy must be submitted by 9am on the deadline date, and will be ret ained and screened by anti-plagiarization software. recover give birth your assignment with coversheet and bibliography as a single document (preferably as a PDF) before uploading to QMPlus Complete the coversheet with your learner ID, Module Code, Assignment number and Seminar Tutor. Your assignments must be submitted by 9am on the deadline date Save back-up copies of all your work in subject of computer failure.It is your responsibility to submit your assignments correctly. (Full details of submission policies can be found in the Schools learner Handbook. ) c) Extensions If you require an extension due to extenuating circumstances (EC), you must do the germane(predicate) EC form and attach support to support your request. Completed forms and documentation should be handed into the Office. Full details can be found in the Student Handbook 7 Essays submitted 14 days after the deadline including weekends will not be assessed and will be given a mark of zero. d) Essay Advice Referencing and bibliography There are take issueent ways of referencing and making a bibliography. The important thing is that you use one, and that you use it consistently. Referencing and bibliography are essential parts of any audition and marks will be deducted if they are poor or absent. Your seminar teacher will be happy to coiffe questions about this. For details about how to fibre and make a bibliography, please chatter the Student Handbook. e) Past Exam topic There is no exam for this course. 5. QM+ All module hooeys, including a copy of this module outline can be found on QMPlus.You should familiarise yourself with QMPlus as soon as possible as furthestther information concerning this module and office hours will be posted there. To access code QMPlus (on or off campus) go to http//qmplus. qmul. ac. uk/. You will require your QM computer access username and password. You should also use QMPlus to upload the electronic version your assignments. If you are having p roblems accessing/ exploitation QMPlus support and information can be found on the following website http//qmplus. qmul. ac. uk/mod/page/view. php? id=85646 Equally you can contact the School Office who may be able to offer assistance. eyeshade If you have not completed your module registration proponentful your modules will not confront on QMPlus. It is up to you to ensure you complete registration and check QMplus regularly. 6. Plagiarism QM defines plagiarization as presenting someone elses work as ones own irrespective of intention. Close paraphrasing, copying from the work of other person, including another student, using the ideas of another person, without proper acknowledgement or repeat work you have previously submitted without properly referencing yourself (known as self plagiarism) also constitute plagiarism. Regulations on Assessment Offences 8 Plagiarism is a serious crime and all students suspected of plagiarism will be subject to an investigation. If found guil ty, penalties can include failure of the module to gaolbreak or permanent withdrawal from Queen Mary. It is your responsibility to ensure that you understand plagiarism and how to avoid it. The recommendations below can help you in avoiding plagiarism. Be sure to platter your sources when taking notes, and to cite these if you use ideas or, especially, quotations from the maestro source.Be particularly careful if you are gaucherie and pasting information surrounded by two documents, and ensure that references are not lost in the process. Be sensible in referencing ideas normally held views that are ecumenicly accepted do not always require honorable mention to particular sources. However, it is best to be gumshoe to avoid plagiarism. Be particularly careful with quotations and paraphrasing. Be aware that technology is now available at Queen Mary and elsewhere that can automatically witness plagiarism. Ensure that all works utilize are referenced appropriately in the text of your work and fully attribute in your bibliography.If in doubt, ask for further guidance from your adviser or module tutor. See your student handbook for further advice. 9 7. LECTURE AND SEMINAR SCHEDULE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lecture Benthams Utilitarianism (JJ) hind end Stuart lingers Liberalism (JJ) Kants discernment (CWd) Hegel philosophical system, ethics and the state (CWd) The early Marx (MD) Marxs historical physicalism (MD) course session week no lectures or seminars The Analysis of crackingism (MD) induction to Nietzsche and the family tree of cleanity (CW) Nietzsches family tree and gravid Conscience (CW) Nietzsches Genealogy and nihilism (CW) Conclusion and overview (MD)Seminar theme Bentham principles of morals and formula John Stuart pulverization liberty Kant promised land and freedom Hegel and the state Marx emancipation, alienation and speciesbeing Marx history, class and revolution Marx capitalism and exploitation Nietzsches challenge what is religion? Nietzsche guilt, bad conscience, discipline and will to power Nietzsche nihilism and beyond Advice on preparing your research probe enchant notE THAT THERE WILL BE A BRIEFING SESSION ON THE judicial decision REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL STUDENTS ON atomic number 90 18 JANUARY AT 1PM IN agency FB113A 10 8. READING GUIDESEMESTER II TEXTS force Texts Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of honourables and Legislation (in Wootton). John Stuart footle, On freedom (in Wootton). Kant, An wait on to the point What is attainment? (in Wootton). G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the philosophical system of righteousness (Cambridge Cambridge University shove, 1991). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels various texts, including excerpts from On the Je adjure Question, The 1844 musical compositionuscripts, The German ideology, The communistic Manifesto and Capital , collected in Wootton or Robert C. outsmart, The Marx-Engels referee, 2nd interlingual rendition ( unfer mented York W.W. Norton, 1978). Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of ethics, ed. Keith Ansell-Pearson, trans. Carol Diethe (Cambridge Cambridge University printing press, 2007). As far as is possible, all of the first and second semester readings are collected in David Wootton (ed. ), new-fangled semipolitical legal opinion. cultures from Machiavelli to Nietzsche (Cambridge Hackett, 1996) (referred to below as Wootton you may also use the second chance variable from 2008). Students are strongly advised to obtain this text. Where texts are not in Wootton they will be posted on the QM+ site for the course.Most of these texts can also be found on the internet, although the quality varies. Secondary texts An important note on tributary reading As give way semester, the major emphasis of this course is on a close reading of master(a) texts. All the essential reading for seminars is from the core primary texts listed above. However you will privation to consult secondary t exts when aimning and preparing your research evidence (you can also, of course, use them for seminar preparation in addition to never instead of the primary reading if you have time).The secondary material listed below is organised into various categories general texts expedient companion texts aimed at students and usually application program several thinkers and one or more germane(predicate) themes. secondary texts on particular thinkers more in depth and specialise treatments of each thinker. additional thematic sources some suggestions for general reading on the themes for the research turn out. 11 Your working bibliography for the research essay will probably contain material from each of these categories. We have provided a more or less extensive range of sources here.All should be available in the QM library (some are salve on order at the time of compiling this list). Useful secondary texts (* indicates particularly recommended) General secondary texts Barry, N. , novel political theory (4th ed, 2000) (chapters on dictum, freedom and equality) Boucher, D. and P. Kelly (eds. ), semipolitical judgments (capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 2003). *Edwards, A. and J. Townsend (eds. ), Interpreting modern-day semipolitical philosophical system. From Machiavelli to Marx (Basingstoke Palgrave, 2002). ( utilizable chapters on Kant, Hegel, footle and Marx) *Hampsher-Monk, I. A level of sophisticated governmental estimation (Oxford Blackwell, 1992) (chapters on Bentham, plodding, Hegel and Marx) Macpherson, C. B. , The policy-making surmise of Possessive Individualism (Oxford Oxford University matter, 1964). ( a critique of liberalism) Matravers, D. et al. , instruction policy-making school of thought. Machiavelli to Mill (London Routledge, 2001). *Pateman, C. , The Problem of semipolitical Obligation (Cambridge Polity, 1985). Plamenatz, J. , Man and Society semipolitical and societal Theories from Machiavelli to Marx ( raw York Longman, 1991). Ramsay, M. ,Whats pervert with liberalism? (1997) Rorty, R. et al. (eds. ), philosophy in archives Essays in the Historiography of philosophical system (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1984). *Rosen, M. , and Wolff, J. , Political musical theme (OPU, 1999) (a very useful reader of primary texts organised by themes including human nature, exculpation of political rule, and liberty, with short introductions to each theme) Wolff, J. , An Introduction to Political philosophy (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1996). By thinker Bentham, Mill and Utilitarianism David Bromwich and George Kateb (eds), John Stuart Mill On Liberty (New Haven Yale University Press, 2003).Wendy Donner, The Liberal ego John Stuart Mills Moral and Political philosophy (Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1991). Michael B. Gill, The British Moralists on gay Nature and the Birth of profane Ethics (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2006). *John elderly, Mill on Liberty A De fence, 2nd interpretation (London Routledge, 1996). Joseph Hamburger, John Stuart Mill on Liberty and Control (Princeton Princeton University Press, 1999). *Ian Hampsher-Monk, A floor of Modern Political scene (Oxford Blackwell, 1992), chapters 7 and 8.Will Kymlicka, coeval Political Philosophy An Introduction, 2nd ed. (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2002), chapter 2. 12 John Rawls, A guess of evaluator (Cambridge, MA Belknap Press, 1971), 5, 26-30. Nancy Rosenblum, Benthams scheme of the Modern State (Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1978). Alan Ryan, The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill, 2nd edition (Basingstoke Macmillan, 1978). Geoffrey Scarre, Utilitarianism (London Routledge, 1996). Philip Schofield, Utility and res publica The Political theme of Jeremy Bentham (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006)..John Skorupski, John Stuart Mill (London Routledge, 1989). John Skorupski (ed. ), The Cambridge Companion to John Stuart Mill (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1998). J. J. C. Smart and Bernhard Williams, Utilitarianism for and against (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1973). John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, in On Liberty and different Essays, ed. John Gray (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 131-201. Kant Useful Introductions Scruton, R. (2001) Kant A Very goldbrick Introduction, Oxford Oxford University Press Filkshuh, K. A. (2003 2nd ed. 2009) Kant in Boucher, D. and Kelly, P. eds) Political Thinkers From Socrates to the Present, Oxford Oxford University Press, pp. 422-36 P. Guyer, The Cambridge companion to Kant P. Guyer The Cambridge Companion to Kant and modern philosophical system (2006) H. Williams, Kants Political philosophy S. M. Shell, The Rights of designer A study of Kants Philosophy and Politics R. Beiner (ed), Kant and political Philosophy H. Arendt, Lectures on Kants Political Philosophy P. Riley, Will and Political Legitimacy L. Krieger, The German creative thinker of license G. A. Kelly, noble-minded ness, Politics, and History Reiss, H. S. (ed. ) (1991) Kants Political Writings, (2nd ed. (H. B. Nisbet trans. ) Cambridge Cambridge University Press Also useful for commentaries and discussion Allison, H. (2004 ed) Kants Transcendental idealism An description and Defence, London and New Haven, CT Yale University Press Ameriks, K. (2000 ed) Kants Theory of Mind, Oxford Clarendon Press Beck, L. W. (1960) A Commentary on Kants critical review of Practical Reason, Chicago Caygill, H. (1995) A Kant Dictionary, Oxford Blackwell Collins, A. (1999) possible Experience Understanding Kants critical review of Pure Reason Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press Downie, R. S. and Telfer, E. 1969) Respect for Persons, Allen and Unwin Filkshuh, K. A. (2003 2nd ed. 2009) Kant in Boucher, D. and Kelly, P. (ed. s) Political Thinkers From Socrates to the Present, Oxford Oxford University Press, pp. 422-36 Gardner, S. (1999) Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Kant and the recapit ulation of Pure Reason, (London Routledge) 13 Keller, P. (2001) Kant and the Demands of Self-Consciousness Cambridge Cambridge University Press Kitcher, P. (1982) Kant on Self-Identity, The philosophical brushup, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 41-72 Kitcher, P. (1999) Kant on Self-Consciousness, The philosophic Review, vol. 08, no. 3, pp. 345-386 Korsgaard, C. (1996) Creating the Kingdom of Ends, Cambridge Cambridge University Press Sircello, G. (1968) subjectiveness and Justification in Aesthetic Judgements, The daybook of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 3-12 Wolff, R. P. (ed. ) (1967) Kant A Collection of Critical Essays, Garden City, NY Doubleday fix a useful collection Hegel Useful Introductions Singer, P. (1983) Hegel a very short introduction, Oxford Oxford University Press Patten, A. (2003 2nd ed. 2009) Hegel in Boucher, D. and Kelly, P. (ed. ) Political Thinkers from Socrates to the Present, Oxford Oxford University Press, pp. 437-58 Knowles, D. (2002) Hegel and t he Philosophy of Right, New York Routledge An excellent text. Really useful for situating Hegels knowledge in context. Very clearly written. Also useful * Hampsher-Monk, I. A History of Modern Political popular opinion (Oxford Blackwell, 1992), * Patten, A. Hegels Idea of Freedom (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1999). * Wood, A. W. Editors Introduction, in G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right (CUP 1991) * Burns, A. G. W. F.Hegel, in Terrell Carver and James Martin (eds), Continental Wood, A. W. Hegels Ethical cerebration (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1990). Ameriks, K. (1985) Hegels Critique of Kants Theoretical Philosophy, Philosophy and Phenomenological research Vol. XLVI, no. I, pp. 1-35 Haddock, B. G. W. F Hegel Philosophy of Right, in Murray Forsyth and (eds), The Political Classics A Guide to the Essential Texts from Hamilton to Mill, Vol. 2 (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1993). Beiser, F. (2005) Hegel, London Routledge Berenson, F. (1982) Hegel o n Others and the Self, Philosophy, vol. 57, no. 19, pp,77-90 Taylor, C. Hegel and Modern Society (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1979). Taylor, C. Hegel, (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1977). Di Giovanni, G. and Harris, H. S. (eds) (1985) Between Kant and Hegel, capital of New York SUNY Press Harris, H. S. (1995) Hegel Phenomenology and System, Indianapolis Hackett Houlgate, S. (1991) Freedom, Truth, History And introduction to Hegels Philosophy, London Routledge Ritter, J. Hegel and the French Revolution Essays on The Philosophy of Right (Cambridge MIT Press, 1984). Mccarney, J. Hegel on History, (London Routledge, 2000). Habermas, J.Knowledge and Human Interests, trans. Jeremy J. Shapiro (Cambridge 14 Inwood, M. A Hegel Dictionary (Oxford Blackwell, 1992). Inwood, M. Hegel (London Routledge, 1983). Hardimon, M. O. Hegels fond Philosophy The Project of Reconciliation (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1994). Mure, G. R. G. (1965) The Philosophy of Hegel, London Pinkard T. (2000) Hegel A Biography, Cambridge Cambridge University Press Useful introduction to Hegels life and times Raymond Plant, Hegel (London Routledge, 1999). Pippin, R. B. Idealism as Modernism Hegelian Variations (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1997).Avineri, S. Hegels Theory of the Modern State, New edition (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1974). Solomon, R. (1983) In the Spirit of Hegel, Oxford Oxford University Press Stewart, J. (2000) The whiz of Hegels Phenomenology of Spirit, Evanston, IL northwesterly University Press Taylor, C. (1975) Hegel Cambridge Cambridge University Press Villa, D. (2005) Hegel, Toqueville, and Individualism, The Review of Politics, Vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 659-86 Walsh, W. H. Hegelian Ethics (Basingstoke Macmillan, 1969). Westphal, K. (2003) Hegels Epistemology, Indianapolis Hackett Allen W.Wood, Hegels Ethical Thought (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1990). Pelczynski, Z. A. (ed. ), The State and Civil Society Studies in Hegel s Political Philosophy (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1984). Pelczynski, Z. A. Hegels Political Philosophy Problems and Perspectives (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1971). Marx General texts S Avineri, cordial and Political Thought of Karl Marx T Bottomore (ed), A Dictionary of bolshy Thought T. Carver ed. , The Cambridge Companion to Marx T. Carver, Marxs accessible Theory T. Carver, The Postmodern Marx *G Duncan, Marx and Mill M Evans, Karl Marx *I.Hampsher-Monk, Modern Political Thought Ch 10 J Lively & A Reeve (eds),Modern Political Theory air division VI *D McLellan,Karl Marx His life story and Thought *D McLellan,The Thought of Karl Marx thematic chapters in Part 2 are extremely useful J Maguire, Marxs Theory of Politics P. Osborne How to Read Marx *P Singer, Marx (a useful, short introduction) T Sowell, Marxism, Philosophy and political economy W Suching, Marx An Introduction 15 A Wood, Karl Marx The Young Marx and aberration E Fromm, Marxs pattern of Ma n S Hook, From Hegel to Marx * D McLellan, Marx forwards Marxism I Meszaros, Marxs Theory of Alienation B Ollman, Alienation D.McLennan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx Historical philistinism & Social Change A Carter, Marx A Radical Critique T Carver, Marxs Social Theory G Cohen, Karl Marxs Theory of History A Defence M Rader, Marxs definition of History Marx and Capitalism Marxist economic science A Brewer, A Guide to Marxs Capital B Fine, Theories of the Capitalist Economy A Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory E Mandel, The Formation of the sparing Thought of Karl Marx E Mandel, An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory T Sowell, Marxism, Philosophy and economic science Marx and Ideology E. Balibar, Marx and Philosophy T.Carver, Did Ideology light up with the Wall? Marx, Marxism, Post-Marxism in M. Freeden ed. , Reassessing Political Ideologies J Lorraine, Ideology and its revisions in Contemporary Marxism in N OSullivan ed. , The Structure of Modern Ideology J . McCarney, The Real World of Ideology M. Seliger, The Marxist Concept of Ideology R. Williams, Ideology in his Keywords Marx and Engels on justice, ethics, human nature and exploitation Arneson,Whats molest with Exploitation? Ethics 91 (Jan 1981) A. Buchanan, Exploitation, Alienation and Injustice, Canadian ledger of Philosophy IX vol. Cohen, Nagel & Scanlon eds, Marx, Justice and History (esp. articles by ibn Talal Hussein and Wood L. N. Geras,The Controversy about Marx and Justice, New Left Review 150 (1985) * N. Geras, Marx and Human Nature *S. Lukes, Marxism and worship *K. Neilson & S. Patton eds, Marx and faith, Canadian ledger of Philosophy. Supplement to vol. VII (1981) A. Wood, Karl Marx, pt trine A. Wood, The Marxist Critique of Justice, Philosophy and common Affairs vol. 1 no. 13 (1972) 16 Young, Justice and Capitalist Production. Marx and cautious Ideology, Canadian Journal of Philosophy eight-spot no. 13 (1978) Nietzsche *K.Ansell-Pearson, The ideal Nihilis t. An Introduction to Nietzsche as Political Thinker *K. Ansell-Pearson, Nietzsche contra Rousseau. A tuition of Nietzsches Moral and Political Thought K. Ansell-Pearson, The Exotic Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, Political Theory (Aug. 1986) *K. Ansell-Pearson, Nietzsche on Autonomy and moral philosophy, Political Studies (June 1991) K. Ansell-Pearson, Nietzsche A Radical Challenge to Political Theory? Radical Philosophy 54 (1990) K. Ansell-Pearson, Who is the dose? Time, Truth and Woman in Nietzsche Journal of the History of Ideas (April/June 1992) D. Conway, Nietzsche and the Political D.Conway, Nietzsches Dangerous support S. J. Coleman, Nietzsche as Politique et Moraliste Journal of the History of Ideas vol. 27 (1966) G. Deleuze, Nietzsche and Philosophy challenging but brilliant D. Allison ed. , The New Nietzsche excellent but challenging collection R. Hollingdale, Nietzsche The Man and his Philosophy a exculpated semi-biography by one of his main slope translaters W. Kaufmann, Nietzsche. Philosopher, Psychologist, and Anti-Christ It was Kaufmann who first introduced Nietzsche to many English-speaking readers, via his translations, and he who was mainly responsible for re-presenting N. s an existentialist. His work is very cordial and persuade T. Strong, Nietzsche and the Politics of metamorphosis (2000) healthy on N and Politics M. Warren, Nietzsche and Political Thought (MIT 1988) M. Warren, The Politics of Nietzsches Philosophy Nihilism, Culture and Power, Political Studies (Sept. 1985) M. Warren, Nietzsche and Political Philosophy, Political Theory vol. 13 no. 2 (May 1985) K. Higgins, Nietzsches Zara gum olibanumtra D. Owen, Nietzsche, Politics and modernism D. Owen On the Genealogy of worship (2007) P. Patton, Deleuze and the Political (Routledge 2000) ch. not all on Nietzsche but some very useful comparative points R. Schacht ed. , Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality Essays on Nietzsches Genealogy of Morals B. Leiter Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Nietzsche on the Genealogy of Morality *M. Tanner, Nietzsche (1994) this is a very short and accessible introduction B. Magnus & K. Higgins ed. , The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche esp. articles by Magnus & Higgins, Strong and Nehamas *A. Nehamas, Nietzsche Life as Literature a very useful commentary R. Soloman & K. Higgins, development Nietzsche E.Kennedy, Woman as superman Nietzsche, in Kennedy & Mendus eds, Women in Western Political Philosophy K. Oliver, Womanizing Nietzsche Philosophys Relation to the Feminine 17 P. Johnson, Nietzsche reply Today, Radical Philosophy 80 (Nov/ fall 1996) useful overview of literature on Nietzsches politics D. Coole, The Politics of Reading Nietzsche, Political Studies 46 (June 1998) D. Coole, Politics and negativeness (Routledge 2000) ch. 3 S. Rosen, The Mask of Enlightenment. Nietzsches Zaarathustra very detailed exposition of a major text T. Sadler, Nietzsche. Truth and Redemption.Critique of the postmodern Nietzsche present s a mystical, existentialist Nietzsche, based on the early writings. Readable but controversial *F. Appel, Nietzsche Contra res publica short and clear. Argues that Nietzsche is a thoroughgoing anti-democrat Additional thematic sources Many of the sources already listed by thinker have useful material on the themes for the extended essay. The sources below provide general background and additional material. As a general starting point Goodin and Pettit (eds) A companion to contemporary political philosophy (Blackwell, 1995) has useful chapters on most of these themes.Remember that texts from drop dead term will also be relevant. Freedom Connolly, William, The Terms of Political chat (1983), chapter 4 Coole, Diana, Constructing and Deconstructing Liberty, Political Studies 411 (1993) reprinted in P. Dunleavy et al. (eds. ), British Political Science Green, T. H. , Liberal Legislation and Freedom of rent, in Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligations and Other Writings Mi ller, David, Liberty Ramsay, Maureen Whats disparage with liberalism? (1997) Ch 2 Riley, Jonathan, Liberty, in Catriona McKinnon (ed. , Issues in Political Theory Ryan, Alan (ed. ), The Idea of Freedom Swift, Adam, Political Philosophy, (Polity, 2001) part 2 Taylor, Charles, Whats Wrong with Negative Liberty? , in A. Ryan (ed. ), The Idea of Freedom and in D. Miller, Liberty. Human nature Davies, J. , Human nature in politics (Wiley, 1963) Forbes, I. , and Smith, S. , (eds) Politics and human nature (1983) Parekh, Bikhu, Rethinking Multiculturalism. MacMillan Basingtoke, 2000. Chapter 4. Pinker, S. , The unemployed slate the modern denial of human nature (2003) Rosen, M. , & Wolff, J. , Political Thought.Oxford Oxford UP, 1999, Chapter 1. Sayers, S. , Marxism and human nature (Routledge, 2007) 18 Morality K. Ansell-Pearson, Nietzsche contra Rousseau. A Study of Nietzsches Moral and Political Thought Berki, N. , and Parekh, B. The morality of politics (1972) S. Lukes, Marxism and M orality Nuttall, J Moral Questions an introduction to ethics (Polity, 1993) Ch 13 Raz, J. , The morality of freedom (Clarendon, 1986) Raz, J. , Ethics in the public domain the morality of law and politics (OUP 1994) comparability Arneson . , RJ equality in Goodin and Pettit Pojman, L. and R. Westmoreland (eds. , comparison Selected Readings Rees, John, equating (Pall Mall Press, 1971) Sen, A. , Inequality Re-examined Sen, A. , Equality of What? , in Choice, Welfare and Measurement Tawney, R. H. , Equality, (1931) especially atom on Liberty and Equality Swift, Adam, Political Philosophy, esp Part 3 (Polity, 2001) Tawney RH Equality (Allen and Unwin, 1931) White S. , Equality (Polity, 2007) Political authority and legitimacy Dunn, J Political obligation in its historical context (CUP 1980) Flathman. , R Legitimacy in Goodin and Pettit (eds) A companion to contemporary political philosophy (Blackwell, 1995) Flathman, R. The practice of political authority (Univ of Chicago Press, 1 980) Green , L. , The authority of the state (Clarendon 1988) Green TH Lectures on the principles of political obligation and other writings (CUP, 1986) Hampton, J. , compact and consent, Ch 16 in Goodin and Pettit (eds) Lessnoff, M. , Social subjugate theory (Blackwell, 1990) Morris ,C. , (ed) The social father theorists critical essays on Hobbes Locke and Rousseau (1998) Pateman, C Participation and democratic theory (CUP, 1970) Pateman The problems of political obligation (CUP, 1985) Plamenatz, J. Consent, freedom and political obligation (OUP, 1968) Riley P. , Will and political legitimacy a critical exposition of social contract theory in Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau Kant and Hegel ( Harvard University Press, 1982) Simmons, AJ. , Moral principles and political obligations (Princeton Univ Press, 1979) Warrender, J The political philosophy of Hobbes his theory of obligation (Clarendon, 1957) Please note if locating material for a topic is difficult please ask your tutor for further suggestions. 19 10. SEMINAR PREPARATION SCHEDULE hebdomad 1 Introduction to the module.Benthams utilitarianism Essential Reading Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, chapters I, IV, VII, XIV (in Wootton). Please wager your copy of the David Wootton peck to class with you. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. What does Bentham opine when he says that mankind is governed by painfulness and pleasure? 2. What is the principle of utility? 3. wherefore does Bentham conceptualise that it can provide an objective standard by which our actions can be judged? What type of ethical theory is utilitarianism? What is its kind to morality? . What, if any, are the political implications of utilitarianism? hebdomad 2 John Stuart Mills Liberalism Essential Reading John Stuart Mill, On Liberty. Please bring your copy of the David Wootton volume to class with you. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. why d oes J. S. Mill believe that it is important to define the nature and limits of power? 2. What is J. S. Mills one very innocent principle? How simple is it? And how can it be applied? 3. What justification does Mill provide for freedom of expression of opinion? How convincing do you find it? 4. wherefore does Mill believe that individuality is one of the elements of well-being? What does he mean when he says that human beings can become a noble and glorious object of contemplation? misfortunate in-class or post-class writing lying-in write some notes in answer to the following How does Mills understanding of freedom differ from or develop the ideas of the thinkers we analyse last semester? week 3 Kants Enlightenment Essential Reading 20 Immanuel Kant, An Answer to the Question What is Enlightenment? (Wootton pp. 522-526) Please bring your copy of the David Wootton volume with you to class.Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. How does Kant define Enligh tenment? 2. How is enlightenment attained and what is its importation? 3. What are the obstacles to Enlightenment and how can they be overcome? 4. What is the relationship of Enlightenment to freedom? calendar week 4 Hegel and the State Essential Reading G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, (Cambridge, CUP, 1991) Part 3 Ethical life, portion 2, Civil Society, pp. 220-39) On QM+. The editors introduction by Allen Wood is also very useful. Please focus especially on the following air divisions 188 C. The Police and the potentiometer 230, a.The Police 231-249 b. The Corporation (250-256). Section 3, The State 257-259. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. What does Hegel understand by complaisant society (188)? 2. What is the role of the police (231-49)? 3. What is the relationship amongst the family and civil society and the family and the state (231-256)? 4. How is the relationship between individual and civil society different from that of individual and the state (258)? 5. What does Hegel think the relationship is between freedom and the state (258)? Do not be worried if you find these questions difficult to answer when reading on your own.We will try to answer them together in the seminar. Week 5 The early Marx This is the first of three sessions on Marx. In order to understand the context of his ideas, his go and political commitments, it will help you a great deal to do some general preliminary reading on Marx from the list below over the next three weeks to support your reading of the primary texts. These are all accessible and clear introductions to Marx work. Class discussion will focus on the primary text, and you must bring a copy of the Wootton text with you each week and prepare some answers to the questions that will form the basis of discussion. 1 P. Singer, Marx. A Very concise Introduction (OUP) David McLellan, Karl Marx His life and thought Hampsher Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought (B lackwell), Chapter 10, Karl Marx, especially constituent on Early life and influences Francis Wheen, Karl Marx (Fourth Estate) (a effervescent short biography) The texts we will read this week are drawn from Marx early work. We will consider his critique of liberal rights and freedom, and so look in detail at his concepts of species-being and alienation, as expressed in the 1844 Manuscripts, often known as the Paris Manuscripts.Essential Reading i. Sections from On the Jewish Question Wootton pp 742-747 (first newspaper chromatography column and top 2 lines of second column) pp750 (Bottom first column According to Bauer .. )-754 (first half of column 1). ii. Contribution to the Critique of Hegels Philosophy of Right Wootton pp. 758-765. You need only read the section on pp. 764-5, where Marx derives the proletariat. iii. The 1844 Paris Manuscripts. Section on Alienated Labour in Wootton pp. 766-772. Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. Why does Marx ra p liberalism?What has he to say about the rights of man? 2. What kind of emancipation, and from what, is Marx calling for here? 3. Why is the proletariat that will be the inner(a) agency of emancipation, according to Marx? The Paris Manuscripts 4. What does Marx mean by alienation? What forms does it take? What is wrong with alienation? 5. Why is Marx critical of cliquish property? What is its relation to alienation? 6. What does Marx mean by species-being? Do you think Marx has a theory of human nature here? 7. What does Marx mean when he claims that communism will even emancipate the human senses?Short in-class or post-class writing labor create verbally a few bullet points in answer to one of the following How does Marxs view of human nature/essence differ from other thinkers youve studied? What do you think freedom might consist of for Marx? Week 6 Historical materialism and the Dialectic Essential Reading i. The German Ideology Part 1 (Wootton pp775-787 up to as the histor y of communism proves) ii. Theses on Feuerbach (Wootton pp 773-4) iii. Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Woottton pp. 829-831) iv. Manifesto of the communist Party Parts 1,2,4 (Wootton pp. 98-809 and pp. 814 -815). 22 Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. What is materialism? 2. What makes Marx materialism historical? What drives history, according to Marx? 3. What is the relationship between forces and social relations of production, and between base and super social organization? What is a mode of production? 4. To what extent can human action shape history, according to Marx? How does class struggle fit in here? 5. What is ideology and what is its bring? 6. How might a revolution come about, in Marx view?Short in class or post-class writing task Write a paragraph on how Marxs view of history challenges the justifications for political authority advanced by other thinkers previously studied on the course. Week 7 Reading Week Week 8 The Analysis of Capitalism. Essential reading Wootton contains very little of Capital. Essential reading for this week is taken from Tucker The Marx Engels Reader (Norton, 1978) and can be found on the module QM+ site. i. The Coming Upheaval Tucker pp. 218-9 ii. Capital vol. 1 Pt I ch. 1 sect. 1 (Tucker pp. 302-8) sect. 2 (Tucker pp. 308-312) sect. 4 (Tucker pp. 319-29) ch. VI (pp. 336-343) Pt III ch.VII sect. 2 (pp. 351-361) ch. X sect. 2 (pp. 364-7) Ch. XIII, esp. sects 4,5 (pp. 392-403) Pt V ch. XVI (pp. 417-9) ch. XXV sect. 4 (pp. 429-431) Pt VIII (pp. 431-8) iii. Capital vol. 3 (pp. 439-442) iv. Crisis Theory Final section (pp. 459-65) Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. What is Marxs theory of value? What do the terms use value, exchange value and surplus value mean and how do they appertain to one another? 2. What is the duple character of labour? 3. What does Marx mean by the fetichism of commodities? 4. What are the contradictions and cri ses that Marx finds inherent in capitalism? . How does the proletariats exploitation occur? 6. What does the analysis of capitalism show us about the dialectic method? Is this still relevant as a way of reading the present? 7. How convincing do you find Marxs analysis of capitalism? Short in class or post-class writing task Write a paragraph summarising your understanding of Marx views on either a) morality or b) equality. 23 Week 9 Nietzsches Genealogy of Morality I reason to Nietzsche As a preparation for studying Nietzsche, you are advised to read K. Ansell-Pearson, The Perfect Nihilist. An Introduction to Nietzsche as Political Thinker (CUP 1994).D. Conway, Nietzsche and the Political (Routledge 1996), is a possible filling but rather misleadingly reconstructive as an introductory text. Both of these books nevertheless offer accessible introductions to Nietzsche, with particular emphasis on his political dimension. A useful introductory essay to his writings can also be found in B. Magnus & K. Higgins, Nietzsches works and their Themes in The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche (CUP 1996), which can be found on Moodle Wootton (ed) contains only the first essay of the Genealogy of Morality so you will definitely need access to another copy too.Key readings not in Wootton, as well as steadying supplementary readings are available on QM+. The Cambridge University Press edition of the Genealogy is a very good one if you wish to buy a copy. In addition, it would be very useful if you were to look at Beyond Good and Evil. Essential Reading Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morality Preface Essay 1. Please focus especially on sections 2,7,10,11,12,13 and pay especial attention to section 13. On the Genealogy of Morality 1. How does Nietzsche name between good/evil and good/bad?Explain how the latter gave way to the former and the type of persons which were classified under each heading. Which civilisations correspond to these categories? 2. What is the meaning and signif icance of ressentiment and the herd instinct? How do they differ from what is noble and the aristrocratic way of life? What do you think it means in this context to say yes to life? 3. What has been the fate of we modern Europeans, according to Nietzsche? 4. What is Nietzsche criticising in Essay 1, section 13? Nietzsche alludes here to the will to power what sense can you gain of it?Week 10 Nietzsches Genealogy of Morality II Essential Reading Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morality Essay 2, sections 1,2,3,7,11,12,16,17,18,24,25. Please pay especial attention to section 12, which we will read together in class. ii. Nietzsche, sections on nihilism from Will to Power available on QM+ Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1. What developments would have to occur before the human species is assailable of entering a social contract? How does Nietzsche believe they were brought about? 24 2. In what sense can these developments be called nihilistic? 3.Explain what Nietz sche is saying about his method and about will to power, in Essay 2, section 12. What does this add to his former analysis of penalization? 4. How does bad conscience arise? What are its consequences? 5. Who is the man of the future? What sort of salvation might he permit? Short in class or post-class writing task Write a short paragraph or a few bullet points in answer to one (or more) of the following questions. How does Nietzsches understanding of morality differ from that of other thinkers you have studied? How does he pose a challenge to thinking about morality as an intrinsic part of human nature?How do you think Nietzsche understands freedom? How might freedom be tied to power? Can Nietzsches philosophy be reconciled with the concept of equality? Again, try to think about his difference/ inter-group communication with other thinkers covered on the course. Week 11 Nietzsches Genealogy of Morality III Essential Readings i. Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morality Essay 3. Please focus on sections 1,8, 12 to end ii. Sections from Thus Spake Zarathustra (Wooton only contains first two essays so both of these will be available on QM+). Questions to guide your reading and for seminar discussion 1.What is the spartan ideal? Why is it nihilistic? What role do philosophy and religion independently play in its promotion? 2. What do you think Nietzsche means by Life? How does the ascetic ideal both threaten and carry on it? 3. What is the relationship between knowledge and will? Why is everything a matter of perspective? 4. Why does Nietzsche call man the frantic animal? 5. What is the herd instinct? How does it help modern individuals to cope with their anguish? 6. What examples does Nietzsche give of modern no-sayers? 7. What is the will to truth? 8.What are the different meanings and symptoms that Nietzsche attributes to nihilism? 9. What is will to power? In what sense is it unconscious? How does it relate to the will to truth? 10. What role is contend by Z arathustra and what is his relationship to the Dionysian? Why does Nietzsche suggest he has come too soon? Week 12 Research essay workshop This weeks seminar will take the form of a collaborative workshop intended to help you in preparing and drafting your research essay. By the end of the session you should have a firm title and essay structure in place, and be ready to begin writing (if you havent already). 5 Essential preparation using the feedback on your essay fancy, begin sketching out the structure and content of your essay in more detail. What will be your final choice of theme and thinkers? What main differences/similarities have you set in the different thinkers treatment of your chosen theme? What will your final essay title be? What are the key primary and secondary texts you are using? You should be prepared to share your work and ideas with other students and to offer constructive criticism of the work of others.IMPORTANT if for any reason you are unable to attend th is workshop you MUST notify your tutor. 26 Appendix I MPT II Assessment PLEASE NOTE THAT THERE WILL BE A BRIEFING SESSION ON THE ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL STUDENTS ON THURSDAY 18 JANUARY AT 1PM IN ROOM FB113A Overview This semester, sagacity consists of the following two pieces of work (i) an essay proposal of max 500 words, plus working bibliography and (ii) a research essay of max. 5000 words. There is no exam for this module. The research essay is designed to allow you to demonstrate both depth and breadth in your understanding of the semesters thinkers.It is also intended to help develop your skills of research design and independent research, in order to prepare you for the final year dissertation you will undertake next year. You are required to choose one from a selection of key themes, and to write an essay that compares and analyses the treatment of your chosen theme by at least three of the thinkers covered in this module. The choice of thinkers will depend on the t heme chosen and your own interests, with one stipulation at least two must be chosen from the Spring Semester (for Semester B associates all will be chosen from the Spring Semester).The themes from which to choose are 1) freedom 2) human nature 3) morality/ethics 4) equality 5) political authority and legitimacy. The requirement to submit a plan and working bibliography is intended to ensure that your choice of themes and thinkers is appropriate, to help you in framing your arguments, and to give you the opportunity to receive feedback on your work in progress from your seminar tutor. Your tutors will also incorporate short writing exercises into classes to help you link themes and thinkers as we progress through the course. Suggested exercises are included in this handbook.Your work will be assessed according to the general assessment criteria set out in the Politics Student Handbook, however you should also pay careful attention to the item requirements of the tasks set out below . Coursework 1 Research essay plan and working bibliography Deadline 9am Thursday 7 March 2013 (Week 9) 27 name MPT II research essay plan (also give proposed title of your research essay) parole length Maximum 500 words not including bibliography. Weighting 10% of the overall course mark for MPT (15% for single semester associate students). assess Your 500 word plan must do the following Give a working title for your essay (see end of this appendix for example title formats) forego your chosen theme and give a brief rationale for your choice of thinkers isthmus out an indicative structure for your essay Give an indication of the main similarities/differences between the thinkers in terms of your chosen theme, and/or indicate your overall argument Your working bibliography must Contain both primary texts and secondary sources Show that you have set sufficient relevant sources to assist in the research and writing of your essay Be properly and accurately presented, adhering to s cholarly conventions MPT II Coursework 2 Research essay Deadline 9am Tuesday 23 April 2013 (revision week) Title Give the finalised title of your essay Word Length Maximum 5000 words including footnotes, excluding bibliography Weighting 50% of the overall module mark for MPT (85% for single semester associate students) Task The essay must Demonstrate that you have read and understood a range of primary and secondary texts studied in the module. Clearly show the relevance of your chosen thinkers to the theme selected Use analytical and critical skills to explore similarities/differences/complementarities between the thinkers 28Advance and sustain an overall argument Be properly and accurately presented and referenced, and contain a full bibliography Advice and guidance This research essay is not hardly a longer version of the ordinary undergraduate essay. It is more in the nature of a guided research project, and thus requires more of you. You contribute to the design of the topic o r question, and you will need to be more independent in identifying and selecting relevant source material. The number of sources consulted will be greater than for the average 2000-3000 word essay. A longer piece of work requires you to develop your points and arguments in greater detail and depth, and it may also be more difficult to structure.Therefore please pay attention to the following suggestions, and ask your seminar tutor or course convenor for help if anything is unclear. Getting started Do NOT leave all the preparatory work for this essay until the week before you have to hand in your plan You need to be thinking from an early correspond about what themes and thinkers interest you, and you should make notes, week by week, on how the different thinkers relate to the various themes. Some short exercises are included in this handbook to help you do this these may be done in class with help from your tutor, but should also be used after class to help you build up a set of t hematic notes.Designing your topic It is crucial that your choice of theme and thinkers is coherent. whatsoever theme you choose, you should start by iden